Thesis (MSc) - Cyprus International University. Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Pharmacognosy

Juniperus communis is an adaptable little tree or evergreen shrub that grows throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Its berries are used to flavour gin, and its essential oil finds uses in both perfumery and conventional medicine. The plant's thick foliage also helps with erosion control in landscaping and offers refuge for wildlife. The present study was carried out to evaluate the Pharmacognostic and biological properties of J. communis through laboratory-based microscopic, physicochemical and biological testing. The collected plants were firstly dried and powder was formed. The synthesized sample was treated with alcohol water soluble extract and petroleum ether water soluble in order to analyse the physicochemical and biological examination of the J. communis. From results microscopic examination revealed that the leaves had bean-shaped stomata safeguarded by subsidiary cells, alongside trichomes of angular and rounded shapes with a smooth surface and flat, narrow centre. The moisture recorded was 17.9%. Results of the alcohol extract showed an ash value of 52%. Further, colours after testing for secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids revealed their presence. Chloroform extract and petroleum ether extract showed Rf value of 0.856 and 0.756, respectively. J. communis extract exhibited maximum antibacterial activity against bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus with inhibition zones of 16.6mm and 7.6mm, respectively. Finally, the IC50 of the extract against the DPPH free radical 0.704 mg/mL which for ascorbic acid, the IC50 against DPPH was 0.503 mg/mL. It is concluded from the present study that, Juniperus communis leaf extract exhibited some antioxidant and antibacterial studies. Its strong antioxidant activity highlights its potential for the development of natural treatments and functional foods, while its bioactive components demonstrate strong antibacterial activities that point to its application in the fight against bacterial infections.