Thesis (PhD) - Cyprus International University. Institute of Graduate Studies and Research Communication and Media Studies

Libya as a country has been associated over the course of history with distinct
periodization of administrations and systems of government. One of its most distinctive
administrations is the Gaddafi administration which started in 1969, and ended with the
Arab spring triggered Libya 2011 revolution. The administration was associated with
severe censorship on its media, including the film and cinema. Censorship policies and
punishment for not adhering to the policies were severe in the context of human rights
policies. This research carries out an investigation into the Libyan censorship from its
inception as a country and the birth of its film and cinema, and how it evolved over the
years. This research investigated “the state of censorship in Libya” for three distinct
periods of the cinema and film industry; Pre-Gaddafi, Pre-2011 revolution Libya, and
Post-2011 revolution Libya. This research reports “the factor that have contributed to,
shaped, and impacted censorship in Libya”. Using an extensive “qualitative research
method” which thoroughly investigates the censorship in Libya. This research is designed
and carried out using Libya’s cinema industry as a case study. The choice of using this
case study is based on the research proposal of investigating a real-life context
phenomenon; Libya’s censorship of film. The findings of this study have shown the film
and cinema in Libya are defined by some underlying factors in censorship which are not
peculiar to Libya alone but are however associated with most of the Arab world due to
shared sociocultural values. The factors are however reflected in the censorship state of
the country in different dimensions throughout the three periods of the country. The state
of censorship in Libya's film industry has evolved significantly across three distinct time
periods: pre-Gaddafi Libya, Gaddafi-led Libya, and post-Gaddafi Libya. Pre-Gaddafi
cinema flourished with artistic expression despite sociocultural influences. Under
Gaddafi's rule, severe censorship was imposed, driven by the regime's dictatorship and
political agendas, coupled with societal norms. Post-Gaddafi, expectations for creative
freedom soared, but censorship persists, now influenced by Islamist ideals, challenging
democratic principles. Despite risks, including security concerns and power outages,
filmmakers persist, showcasing resilience and optimism. Many opt to work in Egypt,
leveraging stability while maintaining Libyan identity. Through innovation and
determination, Libyan filmmakers strive to preserve their art and foster industry growth.
Their perseverance not only sustains their craft but also inspires empathy and positive
change amidst adversity.