Physical and mechanical properties of fly ash, marble dust and bottom ash as a construction material Muhammad Khidre Musa; Supervisor: Ertuğ Aydın

Yazar: Katkıda bulunan(lar):Dil: İngilizce Yayın ayrıntıları:Nicosia Cyprus International University 2013Tanım: XIX, 171 p. col.pic., col.tab. 30.5 cm CDİçerik türü:
  • text
Ortam türü:
  • unmediated
Taşıyıcı türü:
  • volume
Konu(lar):
Eksik içerik
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1 General
7 Objective of the Study
7 Guide for thesis
CHAPTER 2
8 CEMENT AND POLYMER FIBER
8 Portland Cement
8 Cement chemişcal composition
9 Hydration of cement composition
11 Properties of cement paste
11 The Finess an particle size distribution of portland cement
12 Setting of Cement paste
12 Workability of Cement paste
13 Air entrainment
13 Polymer Fiber
17 Application of polymer fiber
17 Effect of Fibers on properties of fresh concrete
17 Effect of slump
18 Plastic shrimkage cracking
19 Drying shrinkage
19 Effects of Fiber on proporties of hardened concrete
19 Effect of on compressive, fexural and tensile strength
21 Effects on impact, abrsion and fatigue resistance
CHAPTER 3
22 ADMIXTURES
24 Types of admixtures
24 Mineral admixtures
24 Chemical admixture
24 Chemical admixture category
26 Super-plasticizers
CHAPTER 4
29 UTILIZATIONS OF FLY ASH, BOTTOM ASH AND MARBULE DUST
29 Fly ash
30 Types of Fly ash
30 Class c fly ash
33 Class f fly ash
36 Physical and Chemical properties of fly ash
36 Chemical composition
37 Physical properties of fly ash
37 Particle shape
38 Fineness
39 Density
39 Color
40 Method of using fly ash in cement concerete
41 Utilization of fly ash
43 Concrete pipe
44 Manufacture of lightweight aggregate
45 Lightweight fly ash concrete
45 Autoclaved cellular concrete(ACC)
46 High Strength concrete mix for specific application
47 Roller compacted concrete
48 Precast/pre stressed concrete products
50 Concrete pavement
51 Blended cement
51 Mass concrete
52 Environment benefits of fly ash use in concrete
52 For transportaion purpose
52 Fills and embakments
52 Backfills
53 Pavement bae and sub base courses
53 Subgrade stabilization
53 Landfill cover
54 Bottom ash
55 Chemical composition of bottom ash
57 Physical properties of bottom ash
59 Utilization area of bottom ash in building construction
59 Lightweight aggregate
60 Concrete pavement and rolled compacted concrete
61 Production in masonry unit such as brick and block
63 Mass concrete
64 Marble dust
66 Chemical properties of marble dust
67 Physical properties of marble dust
67 Color of marble
69 Particle size of marble dust
70 Utilizatrion area of dust in building construct in materials
70 For manufacture of bricks
71 Manufacture of ceramics and moasic tiles
74 Hollow blocks and wall tiles
75 Manufacture of activated calcium carbonate
75 Granite and marble dust filler in asphalt concrete
CHAPTER 5
76 EFFECT OF FLY ASH,BOTTOM ASH AND MARBLE DUST ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE
76 Effect of fly ash on concrete
76 Effects on properties of fresh concrete
76 Workability
77 Bleeding
77 Pumpability
77 Time setting
78 Finishability
78 Effects on Properties of hardened concrete
81 Compressive strneth and rate of strength gain
81 Bond of concrete
81 Temperature rise
83 Resistance to high tempertures
83 Permeability and corrosion protection
84 Sulfate resistance
86 Effect of bottom ash fresh and hardens concrete properties
86 Effect of bottom ash on fresh concrete properties
86 Workability and flow of bottom ash
87 Water requirement
90 Setting time and consistency
90 Bleeding
91 Effects of marble dust on hardened concrete properties
91 Compressive strength and bulk density
94 Flexural strength
95 Effect of marble dust on fresh and hardend concrete properties
95 Effect of marble dust on fresh concrete properties
95 Workability
95 Compressive strength
97 Fexural strength test
97 Water penetration
CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF FLYASH, BOTTOM ASH, MARBLE DUST AND POLYMER FIBER
99 Advantage of polymer fiber reinforcement (PFRC)
100 Disadvantages of polymer fiber reinforcement concert
100 Advantage of fly ash
101 Disadvantage of fly ash
103 Advantages of bottom ash
103 Disadvantages of bottom ash
103 Advantage of marble dust
104 Disadvantages of marble dust
CHAPTER 7
105 EFFECT OF SINTERING TEMPERATURE ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
106 Effect of sintering temperature on mechanical properties of concrete
106 Compressive strength
108 Tensile strength and flexural strengths
109 Effect of sintering tenperature on physical properties of concrete
109 Permeability
110 Weight changes in concrete on heating and cooling and porosity
CHAPTER 8
112 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
112 Materials
112 Cement
112 Fly ash
112 Bottom ash
112 Polymer Fiber
113 Marble dust
113 Lime
113 Chemical admixture
113 Laboratory works
113 Preparation and casting of test specimens
113 Preparation of mixtures and casting of test specimen for bottom ash (mixtur proprtion 1)
115 Preparation of mixtures and casting of test specimen for marble dust for sintering temperature (mixture proportion 2)
117 Preparation of Mixtures of fly ash and marble dust for testing (mixture proportion 3)
119 Test procedures
119 Flow Table test
120 Inverted slump test
121 Water absorption and porosity test
122 Compressive strength test
124 Flexral strength test
CHAPTER 9
125 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
125 Physical Properties
125 Fresh unit weigth and workability(inverted slump and flow table)
130 Workability from measuring inverted slump and flow table test
136 Harened unit weight
142 Water Absorption test
149 Mechanical test for cement paste composite
149 Compressive strength
158 Flexural Strength
158 Relation between compressive strength and flexural strength
CHAPTER 10
160 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS
160 Conclusions
164 Reccomendations
165 REFERENCES
Özet: 'Abstract Concrete is a major building material which is used in construction throughout the world. It is extremely versatile and is used for all types of structures. Due to rapid growth in construction sector, the consumption of concrete is increasing every year. These results in excessive extraction of natural aggregates leaving the waste materials to the environment directly can cause an environmental problem. The reuse of waste material seems mandatory at this stage. Wastes can be used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. In many countries focuses its attention to the call for a greener culture. Both engineers and the scientific community especially the construction industry who is a major contributor to the depletion of greenhouse gases and research programs develop. The engineering and construction community has now taken up the challenge for the use of "green and recycled by-products" in construction. Some of those by-products are the bottom ash, fly ash from thermal power plant and marble dust produced during construction of marble stone. The construction industry is now forced to reconsideration on the utilization of the industrial by-products as supplementary materials due to the continuous depletion of natural aggregates in construction. The aim of this study is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of waste materials as a construction material to determine the effects of marble dust, fly ash and bottom ash in both fresh and hardened state and minimize the environmental pollutions. For this purpose, various amounts of marble dust, bottom ash and fly ash were used to investigate the physical and mechanical characterization of cement paste composites. Another aim of this study is to produce environmental friendly composites for the construction sector. Fly ash, generated during the combustion of coal for energy production, is an industrial by-product which is recognized as an environmental pollutant. Because of the environmental problems presented by the fly ash, considerable research has been undertaken on the subject worldwide. Based on the experimental study hardened unit weight of the composite varies from 821 kg/m3 to 1485 kg/m3, the highest value for compressive strength was 7.4 MPa, and the highest value for flexural strength was 1.9 M Pa. The laboratory results showed that all the composites can satisfactorily be used for the manufacturing of the construction materials such as bricks, briquettes, tiles and sewage pipe. The optimum level for marble dust, bottom ash and fly ash were 60%, 70% and 30% respectively. Key words: admixture, bottom ash, cement paste, fly ash, lime, marble dust polypropylene fiber and sintering temperature Özet Beton yaygın olarak tüm dünyada kullanılan yapı malzemesidir. Bu yapı malzemesi kalıcı ve tüm yapılar için kullanımı uygundur. İnşaat sektörünün hızla büyümesi, betonun tüketimini her yıl arttırmaktadır. Beton üretimi için doğal malzeme kullanımı artığından çevre bundan olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu aşamada geri kazanılmış malzemelerin kullanımı daha uygun olacağı düşünülmektedir. Atıklar beton üretiminde çimento yerine kullanıldığından çevre tahribatı da bir miktar azalacaktır ve böylece sınırlı sayıda bulunan doğal kaynakların tüketimininde önüne geçilecektir. Bazı ülkeler atık ve geri kazanımlı alternatif malzemeler kullandığından yeşil beton sektörünü oluşturmuşlardır. Hem mühendisler hem de bilimsel otoriteler bu sektörün gelişmesi için öncü olmuşlardır. Yapılarda "yeşil betonu" ön planda tutarakatık malzemelerin kullanılması sağlanmalıdır. Bu malzemelere termik elektrik santrallarından elektrik için kullanılan kömürün yakılması ile elde edilen uçucu kül ve tabanaltı külü, mermer üretimi sırasında açığa çıkan mermer tozu örnek olarak verilebilir. Yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar doğal agrega kullanımı yerine çimento yerine bu atıkların kullanılması çevreye salınan karbondioksit miktarında azalmaya neden olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, atık malzemelerden uçucu kül, tabanaltı külü ve mermer tozu karışımı kullanılarak elde edilen kompozitlerin fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerini taze ve sertleşmiş durumda araştırmaktır. Diğer bir amaç ise inşaat sektöründe ekolojik ve çevre dostu bir yapı elde etmektir. Uçucu kül elektrik üretimi için yakılan kömürden elde edilen atık bir malzemedir ve bu malzemenin geri kazanılmaması çevreye tahribat yaratmaktadır. Dünya genelinde uçucu kül üzerine kapsamlı bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Laboratuvar sonuçlarına göre sertleşmiş birim ağırlık 821 kg/m3 ile 1485 kg/m3 aralığında, en yüksek basınç dayanımı 7.4 MPa, en yüksek eğilme dayanımı ise 1.9 MPa dır. Laboratuvar sonuçları hazırlanan kompozitlerin inşaat sektöründe tuğla, briket, kiremit ve büz yapı malzemesi olarak rahatlıkla kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu malzemeler için belirlenen optimum seviye sırasıyla 60%, 70 % ve 30 % dur. Anahtar Kelimeler: kimyasal katkı, tabanaltı külü, çimento hamuru, uçucu kül, kireç, mermer tozu, polipropilen fiber ve sinterleme sıcaklığı. '
Materyal türü: Thesis

Includes CD

Includes references (165-171 p.)

'Abstract Concrete is a major building material which is used in construction throughout the world. It is extremely versatile and is used for all types of structures. Due to rapid growth in construction sector, the consumption of concrete is increasing every year. These results in excessive extraction of natural aggregates leaving the waste materials to the environment directly can cause an environmental problem. The reuse of waste material seems mandatory at this stage. Wastes can be used to produce new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural resources are used more efficiently and the environment is protected from waste deposits. In many countries focuses its attention to the call for a greener culture. Both engineers and the scientific community especially the construction industry who is a major contributor to the depletion of greenhouse gases and research programs develop. The engineering and construction community has now taken up the challenge for the use of "green and recycled by-products" in construction. Some of those by-products are the bottom ash, fly ash from thermal power plant and marble dust produced during construction of marble stone. The construction industry is now forced to reconsideration on the utilization of the industrial by-products as supplementary materials due to the continuous depletion of natural aggregates in construction. The aim of this study is to determine the physical and mechanical properties of waste materials as a construction material to determine the effects of marble dust, fly ash and bottom ash in both fresh and hardened state and minimize the environmental pollutions. For this purpose, various amounts of marble dust, bottom ash and fly ash were used to investigate the physical and mechanical characterization of cement paste composites. Another aim of this study is to produce environmental friendly composites for the construction sector. Fly ash, generated during the combustion of coal for energy production, is an industrial by-product which is recognized as an environmental pollutant. Because of the environmental problems presented by the fly ash, considerable research has been undertaken on the subject worldwide. Based on the experimental study hardened unit weight of the composite varies from 821 kg/m3 to 1485 kg/m3, the highest value for compressive strength was 7.4 MPa, and the highest value for flexural strength was 1.9 M Pa. The laboratory results showed that all the composites can satisfactorily be used for the manufacturing of the construction materials such as bricks, briquettes, tiles and sewage pipe. The optimum level for marble dust, bottom ash and fly ash were 60%, 70% and 30% respectively. Key words: admixture, bottom ash, cement paste, fly ash, lime, marble dust polypropylene fiber and sintering temperature Özet Beton yaygın olarak tüm dünyada kullanılan yapı malzemesidir. Bu yapı malzemesi kalıcı ve tüm yapılar için kullanımı uygundur. İnşaat sektörünün hızla büyümesi, betonun tüketimini her yıl arttırmaktadır. Beton üretimi için doğal malzeme kullanımı artığından çevre bundan olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu aşamada geri kazanılmış malzemelerin kullanımı daha uygun olacağı düşünülmektedir. Atıklar beton üretiminde çimento yerine kullanıldığından çevre tahribatı da bir miktar azalacaktır ve böylece sınırlı sayıda bulunan doğal kaynakların tüketimininde önüne geçilecektir. Bazı ülkeler atık ve geri kazanımlı alternatif malzemeler kullandığından yeşil beton sektörünü oluşturmuşlardır. Hem mühendisler hem de bilimsel otoriteler bu sektörün gelişmesi için öncü olmuşlardır. Yapılarda "yeşil betonu" ön planda tutarakatık malzemelerin kullanılması sağlanmalıdır. Bu malzemelere termik elektrik santrallarından elektrik için kullanılan kömürün yakılması ile elde edilen uçucu kül ve tabanaltı külü, mermer üretimi sırasında açığa çıkan mermer tozu örnek olarak verilebilir. Yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar doğal agrega kullanımı yerine çimento yerine bu atıkların kullanılması çevreye salınan karbondioksit miktarında azalmaya neden olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, atık malzemelerden uçucu kül, tabanaltı külü ve mermer tozu karışımı kullanılarak elde edilen kompozitlerin fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerini taze ve sertleşmiş durumda araştırmaktır. Diğer bir amaç ise inşaat sektöründe ekolojik ve çevre dostu bir yapı elde etmektir. Uçucu kül elektrik üretimi için yakılan kömürden elde edilen atık bir malzemedir ve bu malzemenin geri kazanılmaması çevreye tahribat yaratmaktadır. Dünya genelinde uçucu kül üzerine kapsamlı bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Laboratuvar sonuçlarına göre sertleşmiş birim ağırlık 821 kg/m3 ile 1485 kg/m3 aralığında, en yüksek basınç dayanımı 7.4 MPa, en yüksek eğilme dayanımı ise 1.9 MPa dır. Laboratuvar sonuçları hazırlanan kompozitlerin inşaat sektöründe tuğla, briket, kiremit ve büz yapı malzemesi olarak rahatlıkla kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu malzemeler için belirlenen optimum seviye sırasıyla 60%, 70 % ve 30 % dur. Anahtar Kelimeler: kimyasal katkı, tabanaltı külü, çimento hamuru, uçucu kül, kireç, mermer tozu, polipropilen fiber ve sinterleme sıcaklığı. '

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1 General

7 Objective of the Study

7 Guide for thesis

CHAPTER 2

8 CEMENT AND POLYMER FIBER

8 Portland Cement

8 Cement chemişcal composition

9 Hydration of cement composition

11 Properties of cement paste

11 The Finess an particle size distribution of portland cement

12 Setting of Cement paste

12 Workability of Cement paste

13 Air entrainment

13 Polymer Fiber

17 Application of polymer fiber

17 Effect of Fibers on properties of fresh concrete

17 Effect of slump

18 Plastic shrimkage cracking

19 Drying shrinkage

19 Effects of Fiber on proporties of hardened concrete

19 Effect of on compressive, fexural and tensile strength

21 Effects on impact, abrsion and fatigue resistance

CHAPTER 3

22 ADMIXTURES

24 Types of admixtures

24 Mineral admixtures

24 Chemical admixture

24 Chemical admixture category

26 Super-plasticizers

CHAPTER 4

29 UTILIZATIONS OF FLY ASH, BOTTOM ASH AND MARBULE DUST

29 Fly ash

30 Types of Fly ash

30 Class c fly ash

33 Class f fly ash

36 Physical and Chemical properties of fly ash

36 Chemical composition

37 Physical properties of fly ash

37 Particle shape

38 Fineness

39 Density

39 Color

40 Method of using fly ash in cement concerete

41 Utilization of fly ash

43 Concrete pipe

44 Manufacture of lightweight aggregate

45 Lightweight fly ash concrete

45 Autoclaved cellular concrete(ACC)

46 High Strength concrete mix for specific application

47 Roller compacted concrete

48 Precast/pre stressed concrete products

50 Concrete pavement

51 Blended cement

51 Mass concrete

52 Environment benefits of fly ash use in concrete

52 For transportaion purpose

52 Fills and embakments

52 Backfills

53 Pavement bae and sub base courses

53 Subgrade stabilization

53 Landfill cover

54 Bottom ash

55 Chemical composition of bottom ash

57 Physical properties of bottom ash

59 Utilization area of bottom ash in building construction

59 Lightweight aggregate

60 Concrete pavement and rolled compacted concrete

61 Production in masonry unit such as brick and block

63 Mass concrete

64 Marble dust

66 Chemical properties of marble dust

67 Physical properties of marble dust

67 Color of marble

69 Particle size of marble dust

70 Utilizatrion area of dust in building construct in materials

70 For manufacture of bricks

71 Manufacture of ceramics and moasic tiles

74 Hollow blocks and wall tiles

75 Manufacture of activated calcium carbonate

75 Granite and marble dust filler in asphalt concrete

CHAPTER 5

76 EFFECT OF FLY ASH,BOTTOM ASH AND MARBLE DUST ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE

76 Effect of fly ash on concrete

76 Effects on properties of fresh concrete

76 Workability

77 Bleeding

77 Pumpability

77 Time setting

78 Finishability

78 Effects on Properties of hardened concrete

81 Compressive strneth and rate of strength gain

81 Bond of concrete

81 Temperature rise

83 Resistance to high tempertures

83 Permeability and corrosion protection

84 Sulfate resistance

86 Effect of bottom ash fresh and hardens concrete properties

86 Effect of bottom ash on fresh concrete properties

86 Workability and flow of bottom ash

87 Water requirement

90 Setting time and consistency

90 Bleeding

91 Effects of marble dust on hardened concrete properties

91 Compressive strength and bulk density

94 Flexural strength

95 Effect of marble dust on fresh and hardend concrete properties

95 Effect of marble dust on fresh concrete properties

95 Workability

95 Compressive strength

97 Fexural strength test

97 Water penetration

CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF FLYASH, BOTTOM ASH, MARBLE DUST AND POLYMER FIBER

99 Advantage of polymer fiber reinforcement (PFRC)

100 Disadvantages of polymer fiber reinforcement concert

100 Advantage of fly ash

101 Disadvantage of fly ash

103 Advantages of bottom ash

103 Disadvantages of bottom ash

103 Advantage of marble dust

104 Disadvantages of marble dust

CHAPTER 7

105 EFFECT OF SINTERING TEMPERATURE ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES

106 Effect of sintering temperature on mechanical properties of concrete

106 Compressive strength

108 Tensile strength and flexural strengths

109 Effect of sintering tenperature on physical properties of concrete

109 Permeability

110 Weight changes in concrete on heating and cooling and porosity

CHAPTER 8

112 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

112 Materials

112 Cement

112 Fly ash

112 Bottom ash

112 Polymer Fiber

113 Marble dust

113 Lime

113 Chemical admixture

113 Laboratory works

113 Preparation and casting of test specimens

113 Preparation of mixtures and casting of test specimen for bottom ash (mixtur proprtion 1)

115 Preparation of mixtures and casting of test specimen for marble dust for sintering temperature (mixture proportion 2)

117 Preparation of Mixtures of fly ash and marble dust for testing (mixture proportion 3)

119 Test procedures

119 Flow Table test

120 Inverted slump test

121 Water absorption and porosity test

122 Compressive strength test

124 Flexral strength test

CHAPTER 9

125 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

125 Physical Properties

125 Fresh unit weigth and workability(inverted slump and flow table)

130 Workability from measuring inverted slump and flow table test

136 Harened unit weight

142 Water Absorption test

149 Mechanical test for cement paste composite

149 Compressive strength

158 Flexural Strength

158 Relation between compressive strength and flexural strength

CHAPTER 10

160 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS

160 Conclusions

164 Reccomendations

165 REFERENCES

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