Includes references (71-76 p.)

'ABSTRACT Wastewater reuse is a useful tool in minimizing the amount of wastewater in the environment. The reuse of wastewater for agricultural irrigation purposes reduces the amount of water that needs to be extracted from water resources. Two water samples were obtained from the new Nicosia wastewater treatment plant and analyzed for its acidity (Ph),electrical conductivity (EC),total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS),chloride (C1),nitrite (NO2),nitrate (NO3),phosphate (PO43-), sulfate (SO42-) sodium (Na+),manganese (Mg2+),calcium (Ca+) potassium (K+),zinc (Zn) in addition to biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Soil samples were taken from depth about 30 cm in Tuzla,Famagusta and analyzed for the soil texture ,Ph ,EC and main trace elements. The soil collected was divided into 3 samples: 1 silty sand,2 - silty clay loam,3 - silty clay. The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of using treated wastewater and untreated wastewater on soil properties. A comparison was made between all 3 soil samples ; each of the sample was mixed with the water from new Nicosia wastewater treatment plant: untreated wastewater and treated wastewater. The results showed that the amount of Zn,Mn,Cu,Ni and Cr elements in soil mixed with with treated wastewater, but the differences were not significant for arsenic (As) and titanium (Ti) concentrations in soil. In general, the trace metal concentrations in the soil were slightly higer in the samples mixed with with untreated wastewater. Key words:Untreated Wastewater, Treated Wastewater, Soil Texture, Soil Pollution, Traces Metals, Heavy Metals ÖZET Atıksu geri kullanımı çevrede atık miktarını azaltmak için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Tarımsal sulama amaçlı atıksuyun yeniden kullanımı,su kaynaklarının elde edilmesi gereken su miktarını azaltır. İki su numunesi yeni Lefkoşa atıksu arıtma tesisinden elde edilmiş olup,asitlik (Ph), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), toplam askıda katı madde (AKM), toplam çözünmüş katı madde (TDS), klorür (C1-), nitrit ( NO2-),nitrat (NO3-),fosfat (PO43-) sülfat (SO42-) sodyum (Na+), manganez (MG2+),kalsiyum (Ca+),potasyum (K+), ve seçilmiş ağır metaller kadmiyum (Cd), bakır (Cu),demir (Fe),krom (Cr),çinko (Zn) ve ek olarak biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ), kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı (KOİ) için analiz edildi. Toprak örnekleri Tuzla,Mağusa'dan yaklaşık 30 cm derinlikten alınmış ve toprak doku,Ph,EC, ve ana eser elementlleri için analiz edildi. Toplanan toprak örneği 3'e bölündü: 1 - siltli kum, 2 - siltli killi-tınlı, 3 - siltli kil. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı ,artırılmış atık su ve artırılmamış atık suyu toprak üzerine kullanmanın etkisini araştırmaktır. Karşılaştırma 3 toprak numunesi arasında yapılmıştır; her numunenin Lefkoşa atıksu arıtma tesisinden alınan su (arıtılmamış ve arıtılmış) ile karıştırılmıştır. Sonuçları arıtılmamış atık su ile karıştırılmış olan toprakda Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni ve Cr elementleri miktarı arıtılmış atıksu ile karışık olan topraktan daha yüksek olduğunu gösterdi fakat farklılıklar toprakta arsenik (As) ve titanyum (Ti) konsantrasyonları için önemli değildir. Genel olarak, toprktaki eser metal konsantrasyonları arıtılmamış atıksu ile karıştırıldığı toprak numunelerde biraz daha yüksektir. '

1 ÖZET

1 CHAPTER TWO

5 INTRODUCTION

5 Objectives of Study

6 Aims of Study

7 CHAPTER ONE

7 LITERATURE REVIEW AND GLOBAL EXPERIENCE ABOUT USING UNTREATED WASTEWATER AND TRAETED WASTE WATER

7 Introduction

7 General Characteristics of Wastewater

9 Existence of Heavy Metals in Wastewater

9 Copper

10 Zinc

10 Cadmium

10 Chromium

11 Reuse of Wastewater Reuse

11 Importance of Wastewater Reuse

11 Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture

14 Global Experienc of Treat/UnTreated Wastewater

16 Benefits of Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture

17 Regulations and Standard of Treated Wastewater

18 WHO Guidelines

19 CHAPTER THREE

19 GEOLOGY, COLLECTION OF SAMPLES, HYDROCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

19 Introduction

19 Description of the study area

19 Geology

21 Topography

21 Climate

22 Collection of Water Samples

27 Hydrochemistry

27 Physiochemical Parameters of Water

27 pH

28 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

29 Total suspended Solid (TSS)

29 Total Disssolved Solids (TDS)

29 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

29 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

30 Ion Chromagraphy

32 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

33 Geochenistry

34 X-ray Flurescence

34 Basic XRF Setup

35 Soil Texture

36 Particle-Size Distribution

36 Hydrometer

37 Method

40 CHAPTER FOUR

40 CHARACTERISTICS OF TREATED WASTEWATER AND UNTREATED WASTEWATER

40 Indroduction

40 Characteristics of Treated Wastewater and Untreated Wastewater

41 pH

42 Electrical Conductivity(EC)

43 Total Suspended Solids(TSS)

44 Total Dissolved Soid(TDS)

45 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

46 Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)

47 Ion Chromatography (IC)

48 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS)

52 CHAPTER FIVE

52 PHYSICAL PARAMETER OF SOILS AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY

52 Physical Parameter of Soils

52 Soil Texture

55 pH of Soil

55 EC of Soil

57 Environment Geochemistry

60 Pollution Indices

61 Index of geoaccumulation(Igeo)

64 Enrichment Factor Index(MCI)

66 Metal Contamination Index(MCI)

69 CHAPTER SIX

69 CONCLUSION

70 RECOMMENDATIONS

71 REFERENCES