Includes index (962-984 p.)

1 METHODS

1 OVERVIEW OF METHODS USED IN HISTOLOGY

2 TISSUE PREPARATION

3 HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY

11 MICROSCOPY

4 Folder 1.1 Clinical Correlation: Frozen Sections

7 Folder 1.2 Functıonal Considerations: Feulgen Microspectrophotometry

9 Folder 1.3 Clinical Correlation: Monoclonal Antibodies in Medicine

15 Folder 1.4 Functional Considerations: Proper Use of the Light Microscope

22 HISTOLOGY 101

23 Cell Cytoplasm

23 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL AND THE CYTOPLASM

26 MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLS

55 NONMEMBRANOUS ORGANELLS

70 INCLUSIONS

71 CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX

42 Folder 2.1 Clinical Correlation: Lysosomal Storage Diseases

65 Folder 2.2 Clinical Correlation: Abnormalities in Microtubules and Filaments

71 Folder 2.3 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Duplication of Centrioles and Cancer

72 HISTOLOGY 101

74 The Cell Nucleus

74 OVERVIEW OF THE NUCLEUS

74 NUCLEAR COMPONENTS

84 CELL RENEWAL

84 CELL CYCLE

90 CELL DEATH

79 Folder 3.1 Clinical Correlation: Cytogenetic Testing

80 Folder 3.2 Clinical Correlation: Regulation of Cell Cycle and Cancer Treatment

95 HISTOLOGY 101

97 Tıssues: Concept and Classıfıcatıon

97 OVERVIEW OF TISSUES

98 EPITHELIUM

98 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

99 MUSCLE TISSUE

99 NERVE TISSUE

100 HISTOGENESIS OF TISSUES

101 IDENTIFYING TISSUES

102 Folder 4.1 Clinical Correlation: Ovarian Teratomas

104 HISTOLOGY 101

105 Epıthelial Tissue

105 OVERVIEW OF EPITHELIAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

106 CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM

107 CELL POLARITY

107 THE APICAL DOMAIN AND ITS MODIFICATIONS

120 THE LATERAL DOMAIN AND ITS SPECILIZATION IN CELL-TO-CELL ADHESION

133 THE BASAL DOMAIN AND ITS SPECILIZATION IN CELL-TO-CELL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX ADHESION

143 GLANDS

146 EPITHELIAL CELL RENEWAL

109 Folder 5.1 Clinical Correlation: Epithelial Metalasia

118 Folder 5.2 Clinical Correlation: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome)

126 Folder 5.3 Clinical Correlation: Junctional Complexes as a Target of Pathogenic Agents

135 Folder 5.4 Functional Considerations: Basement Membrane and Basal Lamina Terminology

147 Folder 5.5 Functional Considerations: Mucous and Serous Membranes

148 HISTOLOGY 101

Atlas Plates

150 PLATE 1 Simple Squamous and Cuboidal Epithelia

152 PLATE 2 Simple and Stratified Epithelia

154 PLATE 3 Stratified Epithelia and Epitheliod Tissues

156 Connective Tissue

156 OVERVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

165 EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

158 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

160 CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBRES

171 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

174 CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS

167 Folder 6.1 Clinical Correlation: Collagenopathies

171 Folder 6.2 Clinical Correlation: Sun Exposure and Molecular Changes in Photoaged Skin

180 Folder 6.3 Clinical Correlation: Role of Myofibroblasts in Wound Repair

181 Folder 6.4 Functional Considerations: The Mononuclear Phagocyte System

183 Folder 6.5 Clinical Correlation: The Role of Mast Cells and Basophils in Allergic Reactions

186 HISTOLOGY 101

Atlas Plates

188 PLATE 4 Loose and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

190 PLATE 5 Dense Reggular Connective Tissue, Tendons, and Ligaments

192 PLATE 6 Elastic Fibres and Elastic Lamellae

194 Cartilage

194 OVERVIEW OF CARTILAGE

194 HYALINE CARTILAGE

200 ELASTIC CARTILAGE

200 FIBROCARTILAGE

201 CHONDROGENESIS AND CARTILAGE GROWTH

203 REPAIR OF HYALINE CARTILAGE

195 Folder 7.1 Clinical Correlation: Osteoarthritis

203 Folder 7.2 Clinical Correlation: Malignant Tumors of the Cartilage; Chondrosarcomas

205 HISTOLOGY 101

Atlas Plates

206 PLATE 7 Hyaline Cartilage

208 PLATE 8 Hyaline Cartilage and the Developing Skeleton

210 PLATE 9 Elastic Cartilage

212 PLATE 10 Fibrocartilage

214 Bone

214 OVERVIEW OF BONE

215 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BONES

217 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE

219 CELLS OF BONE TISSUE

228 BONE FORMATION

235 BIOLOGIC MINERALIZATION AND MATRIX VESICLES

236 PHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF BONE

239 BIOLOGY OF BONE REPAIR

217 Folder 8.1 Clinical Correlation: Joint Diseases

237 Folder 8.2 Clinical Correlation: Osteoporosis

239 Folder 8.3 Clinical Correlation: Nutritional Factors in Bone Formation

239 Folder 8.4 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth

242 HISTOLOGY 101

Atlas Plates

244 PLATE 11 Bone, Ground Section

246 PLATE 12 Bone and Bone Tissue

248 PLATE 13 Endotracheal Bone Formation

250 PLATE 14 Endochondral Bone Formation

252 PLATE 15 Intramembranous Bone Formation

254 Adipose Tissue

254 OVERVIEW OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

254 WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE

259 BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE

266 TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

261 Folder 9.1 Clinical Correlation: Obesity

263 Folder 9.2 Clinical Correlation: Adipose Tissue Tumors

264 Folder 9.3 Clinical Correlation: PET Scanning and Brown Adipose Tissue Interference

267 HISTOLOGY 101

Atlas Plate

268 PLATE 16 Adipose Tissue

270 Blood

270 OVERVIEW OF BLOOD

271 PLASMA

273 ERYTHROCYTES

277 LEUKOCYTES

288 THROMBOCYTES

291 COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

292 FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS (HEMOPOIESIS)

301 BONE MARROW

275 Folder 10.1 Clinical Correlation: ABO and RH Blood Group Systems

277 Folder 10.2 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin in Patients with Diabetes

278 Folder 10.3 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Disorders

283 Folder 10.4 Clinical Correlation: Inherited Disorders of Neutrophils; Chronic Granulomatous Disease

284 Folder 10.5 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Breakdown and Jaundice

303 Folder 10.6 Clinical Correlation: Cellularity of the Bone Marrow

304 HISTOLOGY 101

Atlas Plates

306 PLATE 17 Erythrocytes and Granulocytes

308 PLATE 18 Agranulocytes and Red Marrow

310 PLATE 19 Erythropoesis

312 PLATE 20 Granulopoiesis

Muscle Tissue 314

OVERVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLE 314

SKELETAL MUSCLE 315

CARDIAC MUSCLE 331

SMOOTH MUSCLE 335

Folder 11.1 Functional Considerations: Muscle Metabolism and Ischemia 320

Folder 11.2 Clinical Correlation: Muscular Dystrophies - Dystrophin and Dyatophin - Associated Proteins 323

Folder 11.3 Clinical Correlation: Myasthenia Gravis 328

Folder 11.4 Functional Considerations: Comparison of the Three Muscle Types 340

HISTOLOGY 101 342

Atlas Plates

PLATE 21 Skeletal Muscle 344

PLATE 22 Skeletal Muscle II and Electron Microscopy 346

PLATE 23 Myotendinous Junction 348

PLATE 24 Cardiac Muscle 350

PLATE 25 Cardiac Muscle, Purkinje Fibres 352

PLATE 26 Smooth Muscle 354

Nerve Tissue 356

OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 356 COMPOSITION OF NERVE TISSUE 357

THE NEURON 357

SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE NEUROGLIA 368

ORIGIN OF NERVE TISSUE CELLS 378

ORGANISATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 379

ORGANISATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 381

ORGANISATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 385

RESPONSE OF NEURONS TO INJURY 389

Folder 12.1 Clinical Correlation: Parkinson's Disease 362

Folder 12.2 Clinical Correlation: Demyelinating Diseases 370

Folder 12.3 Clinical Correlation: Reactive Gliosis: Scar Formation in the Central Nervous System 391

Atlas Plates

PLATE 27 Sympathetic and Dorsal Root Ganglia 394

PLATE 28 Peripheral Nerve 396

PLATE 29 Cerebrum 398

PLATE 30 Cerebellum 400

PLATE 31 Spinal Cord 402

Cardiovascular System 404

OVERVIEW OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 404

HEART 405

GENERAL FEATURES OF ATERIES AND VEINS 416

ARTERIES 416

CAPILLARIES 423

ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS 425

VEINS 425

ATYPICAL BLOOD VESSELS 427

LYMPHATIC BLOOD VESSELS 429

Folder 13.1 Clinical Correlation: Atherosclerosis 413

Folder 13.2 Clinical Correlation: Hypertension 419

Folder 13.3 Clinical Correlation: Ischemic Heart Disease 430

HISTOLOGY 101 432

Atlas Plate

PLATE 32 Heart 434

PLATE 33 Aorta 436

PLATE 34 Muscular Arteries and Medium Veins 438

PLATE 35 Arterioles, Venules, and Lymphatic Vessels 440

Lymphatic System 442

OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 442

CELLS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 443

LYMPHATIC TISSUES AND ORGANS 455

Folder 14.1 Functional Considerations: Origin of the Names T Lymphocyte and B Lymphocyte 448

Folder 14.2 Clinical Correlation; Hypersensitivity Reactions 449

Folder 14.3 Clinical Correlation: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 456

Folder 14.4 Clinical Correlation: Reactive (Inflammatory) Lymphadenitis 470

HISTOLOGY 101 474

Atlas Plates

PLATE 36 Palatine Tonsil 476

PLATE 37 Lymph Node I 478

PLATE 38 Lymph Node II 480

PLATE 39 Spleen I 482

PLATE 40 Spleen II 484

PLATE 41 Thymus 486

Integumentary System 488

OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 488

LAYERS OF THE SKIN 489

CELLS OF THE EPIDERMIS 493

STRUCTURES OF SKIN 500

Folder 15.1 Clinical Correlation: Cancers of Epidermal Origin 491

Folder 15.2 Functional Considerations: Skin Color 500

Folder 15.3 Functional Considerations: Hair Growth and Hair Characteristics 504

Folder 15.4 Functional Considerations: The Role of Sebum 505

Folder 15.5 Clinical Correlation: Sweating and Disease 505

Folder 15.6 Clinical Correlation: Skin Repair 511

HISTOLOGY 101 512

Atlas Plate

PLATE 42 Skin I 514

PLATE 43 Skin II 516

PLATE 44 Apocrine and Eccrine Sweat Glands 518

PLATE 45 Sweat and Sebaceous Glands 520

PLATE 46 Integument and Sensory Organs 522

PLATE 47 Hair Follicle and Nail 524

Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Associated Structures 526

OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 526

ORAL CAVITY 527

TONGUE 529

TEETH AND SUPPORTING TISSUES 533

SALIVARY GLANDS 545

Folder 16.1 Clinical Corrrelation: The Genetic Basis of Taste 535

Folder 16.2 Clinical Correlation: Classification of Permanent (Secondary) and Deciduous (Primary) Dentition 538

Folder 16.3 Clinical Correlations: Dental Caries 546

Folder 16.4 Clinical Correlation: Salivary Gland Tumors 553

HISTOLOGY101 554

Atlas Plates

PLATE 48 Lip and Mucocutaneous Junction 556

PLATE 49 Tongue I 558

PLATE 50 Toungue II - Foliate Papillae and Taste Buds 560

PLATE 51 Submandibular Gland 562

PLATE 52 Parotid Gland 564

PLATE 53 Sublingual Gland 566

Digestive System II: Esophagus and Gastrointestinal Tract 568

OVERVIEW OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 568

ESOPHAGUS 571

STOMACH 572

SMALL INTESTINE 584

LARGE INTESTINE 594

Folder 17.1 Clinical Correlation: Pernicious Anemia and Peptic Ulcer Disease 576

Folder 17.2 Clinical Correlation: Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome 577

Folder 17.3 Functional Considerations: The Gastrointestinal Endocrine System 578

Folder 17.4 Functional Considerations: Digestive and Absorptive Functions of Enterocytes 585

Folder 17.5 Functional Considerations: Immune Functions of the Alimentary Canal 592

Folder 17.6 Clinical Correlation: The Pattern of Lymph Vessel Distribution and Disease of the Large Intestine 598

Folder 17.7 Clinical Correlation: Colorectal Cancer 600

HISTOLOGY 101 602

Atlas Plates

PLATE 54 Esophagus 604

PLATE 55 Esophagus and Stomach, Cardiac Region

PLATE 56 Stomach I 608

PLATE 57 Stomach II 610

PLATE 58 Gastrodoudenal Junction 612

PLATE 59 Doudenum 614

PLATE 60 Jejunum 616

PLATE 61 Ileum 618

PLATE 62 Colon 620

PLATE 63 Appendix 622

PLATE 64 Anal Canal 624

Digestive System III: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancrease 626

LIVER 626

GALLBLADDER 640

PANCREAS 643

Folder 18.1 Clinical Correlation: Lipoproteins 628

Folder 18.2 Clinical Correlation: Congestive Heart Failure and Liver Necrosis 634

Folder 18.3 Clinical Correlations: Insulin Production and Alzheimers Disease 650

Folder 18.4 Functional Considerations: Insulin Synthesis, an Example of Posttranslational Processing 651

HISTOLOGY 101 652

Atlas Plates

PLATE 65 Liver I 654

PLATE 66 Liver II 656

PLATE 67 Gallbladder 658

PLATE 68 Pancreas 660

Respiratory System 662

OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 662

NASAL CAVITIES 663

PHARYNX 668

LARYNX 668

TRACHEA 669

BRONCHI 673

BRONCHIOLES 674

ALVEOLI 676

BLOOD SUPPLY 679

LYMPHATIC VESSELS 682

NERVES 682

Folder 19.1 Clinical Correlation: Squamous Metaplasia in the Respiratory Tract 669

Folder 19.2 Clinical Correlation: Asthma 676

Folder 19.3 Clinical Correlation: Cystic Fibrosis 683

Folder 19.4 Clinical Correlation: Emphysema and Pneumonia 684

HISTOLOGY 101 686

Atlas Plates

PLATE 69 Olfactory Mucosa 688

PLATE 70 Larynx 690

PLATE 71 Trachea 692

PLATE 72 Bronchioles and End Respiratory Passages 694

PLATE 73 Terminal Bronchiole, Respiratory Bronchiole, and Alveolus 696

Urinary System 698

OVERVIEW OF THE URINARY SYSTEM 698

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY 699

KIDNEY TUBULE FUNCTION 714

INTERSTITIAL CELLS 720

HISTOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEY 720

BLOOD SUPPLY 722

LYMPHATIC VESSELS 724

NERVE SUPPLY 724

URETER, URINARY BLADDER, AND URETHRA 724

Folder 20.1 Functional Considerations: Kidney and Vitamin D 699

Folder 20.2 Clinical Correlation: Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Induced Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture Syndrome 706

Folder 20.3 Clinical Correlation: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Hypertension 713

Folder 20.4 Clinical Correlation: Examination of the Urine-Urinalysis 714

Folder 20.5 Functional Considerations: Structure and Function of Aquaporin Water Channels 720

Folder 20.6 Functional Consideration: Antidiuretic Hormone Regulation of Collecting Duct Function 721

HISTOLOGY 101 728

Atlas Plates

PLATE 74 Kidney I 730

PLATE 75 Kidney II 732

PLATE 76 Kidney III 734

PLATE 77 Kidney IV 736

PLATE 78 Ureter 738

PLATE 79 Urinary Bladder 740

Endocrine Organs 742

OVERVIEW OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 742

PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) 745

HYPOTHALAMUS 755

PINEAL GLAND 756

THYROID GLAND 757

PARATHYROID GLANDS 764

ADRENAL GLANDS 766

Folder 21.1 Function Considerations: Regulation of Pituitary Gland Secretion 746

Folder 21.2 Clinical Correlation: Principles of Endocrine Disease 754

Folder 21.3 Clinical Correlation: Pathologies Associated with ADH Secretion 754

Folder 21.4 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Thyroid Function 763

Folder 21.5 Clinical Correlation: Chromaffin Cells and Pheochromocytoma 772

Folder 21.6 Functional Considerations: Biosynthesis of Adrenal Hormones 774

HISTOLOGY 101 776

Atlas Plates

PLATE 80 Pituitary I 778

PLATE 81 Pituitary II 780

PLATE 82 Pineal Gland 782

PLATE 83 Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands 784

PLATE 84 Adrenal Gland I 786

PLATE 85 Adrenal Gland II 788

Male Reproductive System 790

OVERVIEW OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 790

TESTIS 790

SPERMATOGENESIS 797

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES 803

INTRATESTICULAR DUCTS 808

EXCURRENT DUCT SYSTEM 808

ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS 812

PROSTATE GLAND 813

SEMEN 817

PENIS 818

Folder 22.1 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis 797

Folder 22.2 Clinical Correlatioin: Factors Affecting Spermatogenesis 798

Folder 22.3 Clinical Correlation: Sperm-Specific Antigens and the Immune Response 807

Folder 22.4 Clinical Correlation: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and Cancer of the Prostate 815

Folder 22.5 Clinical Correlation: Mechanism of Erection and Erectile Dysfunction 818

HISTOLOGY 101 820

Atlas Plates

PLATE 86 Testis I 822

PLATE 87 Testis II 824

PLATE 88 Efferent Ductules and Epididymis 826

PLATE 89 Spermatic Cord and Ductus Deferens 828

PLATE 90 Prostate Gland 830

PLATE 91 Seminal Vesicle 832

Female Reproductive System 834

OVERVIEW OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 834

OVARY 835

UTERINE TUBES 848

UTERUS 850

PLACENTA 858

VAGINA 863

EXTERNAL GENITALIA 864

MAMMARY GLANDS 866

Folder 23.1 Clinical Correlation: Polycystic Ovarian Disease 841

Folder 23.2 Clinical Correlation: In Vitro Fertilization 847

Folder 23.3 Functional Considerations: Summary of the Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle 851

Folder 23.4 Clinical Correlation: Fate of the Mature Placenta at Birth 862

Folder 23.5 Clinical Correlation: Cytologic Pap Smears 865

Folder 23.6 Clinical Correlation: Cervix and Human Papillomavirus Infections 871

Folder 23.7 Functional Considerations: Lactation and Infertility 872

HISTOLOGY 101 873

Atlas Plates

PLATE 92 Ovary I 876

PLATE 93 Ovary II 878

PLATE 94 Corpus Luteum 880

PLATE 95 Uterine Tube 882

PLATE 96 Uterus I 884

PLATE 97 Uterus II 886

PLATE 98 Cervix 888

PLATE 99 Placenta I 890

PLATE 100 Placenta II 892

PLATE 101 Vigina 894

PLATE 102 Mammary Gland Inactive Stage 896

PLATE 103 Mammary Gland, Late Proliferative and Lactating Stages 898

Eye 900

OVERVIEW OF THE EYE 900

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE EYE 900

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE EYE 903

Folder 24.1 Clinical Correlation: Glaucoma 910

Folder 24.2 Clinical Correlation: Retina Detachment 911

Folder 24.3 Clinical Correlation: Age-Related Muscular Degeneration 912

Folder 24.4 Clinical Correlation: Color Blindness 917

Folder 24.5 Clinical Correlation: Conjuctivitis 922

HISTOLOGY 101 926

Atlas Plates

PLATE 104 Eye I 928

PLATE 105 Eye II: Retina 930

PLATE 106 Eye III: Anterior Segment 932

PLATE 107 Eye IV: Sclera, Cornea, and Lens 934

Ear 936

OVERVIEW OF THE EAR 936

EXTERNAL EAR 936

MIDDLE EAR 937

INTERNAL EAR 941

Folder 25.1 Clinical Correlation: Otosclerosis 942

Folder 25.2 Clinical Correlation: Hearing Loss-Vestibular Dysfunction 950

Folder 25.3 Clinical Correlation: Vertigo 955

HISTOLOGY 101 956

Atlas Plates

PLATE 108 Ear 958

PLATE 109 Cochlear Canal and Organ of Corti 960

Index 962