AU  - Hopkins,William G.
AU  - Hüner, Norman P. A. 
TI  - Introduction to plant physiology
SN  - 9780470247662
U1  - 571.2  
PY  - 0000///
CY  - 
PB  - 
KW  - Bitki fizyolojisi
KW  - Plant physiology
N1  - Includes index/glossary(489-503 p.); 1; Plant  Cell and Water; 2; Water Has Unıque Physıcal and Chemıcal Propertıes; 3; The Thermal Propertıes of Water are Bıologıcally Important; 3; Water Exhıbıts a Unıque Thermal Capacıty; 3; Water Exhıbıts a Hıgh Heat  of Fusıon and Heat of Vaporızatıon; 4; Water ıs the Unıversal Solvent; 4; Polarıty of Water Molecules Results in Cohesion and Adhesion; 5; Water Movement may be Governed by Diffusion or by Bulk Flow; 5; Bulk Flow is Driven by Hydrostatic Pressure; 5; Fick's First Law Describes the Process Diffusion; 6; Osmosis is the Diffusion of water Across  a Selectively Permeable Membrane; 7; Plant Cells Contain on Array of Selectivity Permeable Membrane; 8; Osmosis in plant Cells is Indirectly Energy Dependent; 9; The Chemical Potential of Water has an Osmotic as Well as a Pressure Component; 11; Hydrostatic Pressure and Osmotic Pressure are Two Components of Water Potential; 11; Water Potential is the Sum of its Component Potentials; 12; Dynamic Flux of H2O is Associated with Changes in Water Potential; 13; Aquaporins Facilities the Cellular Movement of Water; 15; Two-Component Sensing /Signaling Systems are involved in Osmoregulation; 17; Summary; 17; Chapter Review; 17; Further Reading; 19; Whole Plant Water Relations; 20; Transpiration is Driven by Differences in Vapor Pressure; 21; The Driving Force of Transpiration is Differences in Vapor Pressure; 22; The Rate of Transpiration is Influenced by Environmental Factors; 23; What the effect of Humidity ?; 23; What is the Effect of Temperature ?; 24; What is the effect of Wind?; 24; Water Conduction Occurs via Tracheary Elements; 27; The Ascent of Xylem SAP is Explained by Combining Transpiration with the Cohesive Forces of Water; 28; Root Pressure is Related to Root Structure; 29; Water Rise By Capillarity is due to Adhesion and Surface Tension; 30; The Cohesion Theory Best Explains the Ascent of Xylem Sap; 33; Water Loss due to Transpiration must be Replenished; 33; Soil is a Complex Medium; 34; Roots Absorb and Transport Water Varies; 36; Radial Movement of Water Through the Root Involves Two Possible Pathways; 37; SuMMARY; 37; Chapter Review; 37; Further Reading; 25; Why Transpiration?; 39; Roots, Soils, and Nutrients Uptake; 40; The Soil as a Significant Component of Most Soils; 40; Colloids Presents  a Large, Negativity Charged Surface Area; 41; Soil Colloids Reversibly Adsorb Cations From the Soil Solution; 41; The Anion Exchange Capacity of Soil Colloids is Relatively Low; 42; Nutrient Uptake; 42; Nutrient Uptake by Plants Requires Transport of the Nutrient Across Root Cell Membranes; 42; Simple Diffusion is a Purely Physical Process; 43; The Movement of Most Solutes Across Membranes Requires the Participation of Specific Transport Proteins; 43; Active Transport Requires the Expenditure of Metabolic Energy; 46; Selective Accumulation of Icon by Roots; 46; Electrochemical Gradients and Ion Movement; 46; Ions Move in Response to Electrochemical Gradients; 47; The Nernst Equation Helps to Predict Whether an Ion is Exchanged Actively or Passively; 49; Electrogenic Pumps are Critical for Cellular Active Transport; 49; Active Transport is Driven by ATPase-Proton Pumps; 50; The ATPase-Proton Pumps of Plasma Membranes and Vacuolar Membranes are Different; 51; K+ Exchange is Medicated by two Classes of Transport Proteins; 52; Cellular Ion Uptake Processes are Interactive; 52; Root Architecture is Important to Maximize Iomn Uptake; 53; A Frist Step in Mineral Uptake by Roots is Diffusion into the Apparent Free Space; 54; Apparent Free Space is Equivalent to the Apoplast of the Root Epidermal and cortical Cells; 54; The Radical Path of Ion Movement Through Roots; 54; Ions Entering the Scale Must First be Transported From the Apparent Free Space into the Symplast; 55; Ions are Actively Secreted into the Xylem Apoplast; 55; Emerging Secondary Roots May Contribute to the Uptake of Some Solutes; 56; Root-Microbe Interactions; 56; Bacteria Other than Nitrogen Fixers Contribute to Uptake of Some Solutes; 57; Mycorrhizae are  Fungi that Increase the Volume of the Nutrient Depletion Zone Around Roots; 44; Electrophysiology - Exploring Ion Channels; 61; Plants and Inorganic Nutrients; 62; Methods and Nutrient Solutions; 62; Interest in Plant Nutrition is Rooted in the Study of Agriculture and Corp Productivity; 62; The Use of Hydroponic Culture Helped to Define the Mineral Requirements of Plants; 63; Modern Techniques Overcome Inherent Disadvantages of Simple Solution Culture; 65; The Essential Nutrient Elements; 65; Seventeen Elements Are Deemed to be Essential for Plant Growth and Development; 65; The Essential Nutrients are Generally Classes as Either Macronutrients or Micronutrients; 65; Determining Essentiality of Micronutrients Presents Special Problem; 66; Beneficial Elements; 66; Sodium is An Essential Micronutrient for C4 Plants; 67; Silicon May be Beneficial for a Variety of Species; 67; Cobalt is Required by Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria; 67; Some Plants Tolerate High Concentrations of Selenium; 67; Nutrient Function and Deficiency Symptoms; A Plant's Requirement For a Particular Element is Defined in Terms of Critical Concentration; 68; Nitrogen is a Constituent of many Critical Macromolecules; 69; Phosphorus is part of the Nucleic Acid Backbone and has a Central Function in Intermediary  Metabolism; 69; Potassium Activates Enzymes and Functions in Osmoregulation; 70; Sulphur is an Important Constituents of Proteins Coenzymes and Vitamins; 70; Calcium is Important in Cell Division, Cell Adhesion and as a Second Messenger; 70; Magnesium is a constituent of the Chlorophyll Molecule and an Important Regulator of Enzyme Reaction; 71; Iron is Required for Chlorophyll Synthesis and Election Transfer Reactions; Boron Appears to have a Role in Cell Division and Elongation and Contribution to the Structural Integrity of the cell Wall; 73; Copper is a Necessary Cofactor for Oxidative Enzymes; 73; Zinc is an Activator of Numerous Enzymes; 74; Manganese is an Enzymes Cofactor as Well as part of the Oxygen -Evolving Complex in the Chloroplast; 74; Molybdenum is a key Component of Nitrogen Metabolism; 74; Chlorine has a Role in Photosynthetic  Oxygen Evolution and Charge Balance Across Cellular Membranes; 74; The Role of Nickel is Not Clear; 75; Toxicity of Micronutrients; 75; Summary; 76; Chapter Review; 76; Further Reading; 77; Bioenergetics and ATP Synthesis; 78; Bioenergetics and Energy Transformation in Living Organisms; 78; The  Sun is a Primary Source of Energy; 78; What is Bioenergetics ?; 79; The First Law of Thermodynamics Refers to Energy Conservation; 79; The Second Law of Thermodynamics Refers to Entropy and Disorder; 80; The Ability to do work is Dependent on the Availability of Free Energy; 80; Free Energy is Related to Chemical Equilibria; 81; Energy Transformation and Coupled Reactions; 81; Free Energy of ATP is Associated with Coupled Phosphate Transfer Reactions; 83; Free Energy Changes are Associated with Coupled Oxidation -Reduction Reactions; 85; Energy Transduction and the Chemiosmosis Synthesis of ATP; 85; 90; Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Synthesize ATP by Chemiosmosis; 91; Summary; 91; Chapter Review; 91; Further Reading; 86; Plastid Biogenesis; 93; The Dual Role of Sunlight Energy and Information; 93; The Physical Nature of Light; 93; Light is Electromagnetic Energy Which Exists in two Forms; 94; Light can be Characterized as a wave  phenomenon; 94; Light can be Characterized as Stream of Discrete Particles; 95; Light Energy can  Interact with Matter; 97; How Does one Illustrate the Efficiency of Light Absorption and its Physiological Effects; 98; Accurate Measurement of Light is Important in Photobiology; 99; The Natural Radiation Environment; 100; Photoreceptors Absorbs Light for use in a Physiological Process; 100; Chlorophylls are Primarily Responsible for Harvesting Light Energy for Photosynthesis; 102; Phycobilin Serve as Accessory Light- Harvesting Pigments in Red Algae and Cyanobacteria; 103; Carotenoids  Account for the Autumn Colors; 103; Cryptochrome and phytotropin are Photoreceptors sensitive to Blue Light and UV-A radiation; 105; UV-B Radiation May Act as a Developmental Signal; 105; Flavonoids Provide the myriad flower Colors and Act as a Natural Sunscreen; 106; Betacyanin and Beets; 107; Summary; 107; Chapter Review; 107; Further  Reading; 109; 110; Leaves are Photosynthetic Machines that Maximize; 112; Photosynthesis is an Oxidation -Reduction Process; 114; Photosynthetic Electron Transport; 114; Photosystems are Major Components of the Photosynthetic is an Electron Transport Chain; 117; Photosystem II Oxidizes Water to Produce Oxygen; 119; The Cytochrome Complex and Photosystem I Oxidize Plastoquinol; 120; Photophosphorylation is the light dependent synthesis of ATP; 122; lateral Heterogenicity if the Unequal Distribution of Thylakoid Complexes; 123; Cyanobacteria are Oxygenic; 124; Inhibitors of Photosynthetic Electron Transport are Effective Herbicides; 127; 127; Chapter Review; 128; Further Reading; 113; Historical Perspective -The Discovery or Photosynthesis; 125; The Case for Two Photosystems; 129; Energy Conservation in Photosynthesis CO2 Assimilation; 130; Stomatal Complex Control Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Loss; 132; C02 Enters the Leaf by Diffusion; 133; How Do Stomata Open and Close ?; 135; Stomatal Movements are also Comtrolled by External Environmental Factors; 135; Light aqnd Carbon Dioxide Regulate Stomatal Opening; 136; Stomatal Movements Follow Endogenous Rhythms; 136; The Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) Cycle; 137; The PCR4 Cycle Reduce CO2 to Produce a Three- Carbon Sugar; 137; The Carbohydrates Reaction Fixes the Co2; ATP and NADPH are Consumed in the PCR cycle; 139; What are the Energetic of the PCR Cycle; 139; The PCR Cycle is Highly Regulated; 140; The Regeneration of RuBP is Autocatalytic; 140; Rubisco Activity Is  Regulated Indirectly by Light; 141; Other PCR Enzymes are also Regulated by Light; 142; Chloroplasts of C3 Plants Also Exhibits Competing Carbon Oxidation Processes; 142; Rubisco  Activity the Fixation of Both CO2 and O2; 143; Why Photorespiration ?; 145; In Addition to PCR, Chloroplasts Exhibit an Oxidative  Pentose Phosphate Cycle; 149; Summary; 149; Chapter Review; Further Reading; 146; Enzymes; 151; Allocation, Tranlocation and Partitioning of Phostassimilates; 152; Starch and Sucrose are Biosynthesized in Two Different Compartments; 152; Starch  is Biosynthesized  in the Stroma; 153; Sucrose is Biosynthesized in the Cytosol; 154; Starch and Sucrose Biosynthesis are Competitive Processes; 156; Fructan Biosynthesis is an Alternative Pathway  for Carbon Allocation; 156; Photassililates are translocated Over Long Distance; 158; What is the Composition of the Photoassimilate Translocated by the Pheom; 159; Sieve Elements Are the Principles Cellular Constituents of the Phloem 1460; 160; Phloem  Exudate Contains a Significant Amount of Protein; 161; Direction of Translocation is determined by Source -Sink Relationship; 161; Phloem Translocation Occurs by Mass Transfer; 163; Phloem Loading and Unloading Regulate Translocation and Partitioning; 164; Phloem Loading Can Occur Symplastically or Apoplastically; 166; Phloem Loading Unloading May Occur Symplastically of Apoplasticaly; 166; Photoassimilate is Distributed Between Different Metabolic Pathway and plant Organs; 167; Photoassimilate May be Allocated to a Variety of Metabolic Functions in the Source or the Sink; 168; Distribution  of Photoassimilates Between Competing Sinks is Determined by Sink Strength; 170; Xenobiotic Agrochemicals are Translocated in the Phloem; 170; Summary; 171; Chapter Review; 171; Further Reading; 173; Cellular Respiration Unlocking the Energy Stored In Photoassimilates; 174; Cellular Respiration Consists of a Series of Pathways by which Photoassimilates are oxidized; 175; Starch  Mobilization; 175; The Hydrolytic Degradation of Stomach Produces Glucose; 176; α-Amylase Produce Maltose and Limit Destrins; 176; β-Amylase Produce Maltose; 176; Limit Dextrinase is a Debranching Enzyme;  177; α-Glucosidase Hydrolyses Maltose; 177; Starch Phosphorolytic  Degradation of Starch; 178; Fructan Mobilization is Constitutive; 178; Glycolysis Converts Sugars to Pyruvic Acid; 178; Hexoses Must be Phosphorylated to Enter Glycolysis; 180; Triose Phosphates are Oxidized to Pyruvate; 180; The Oxidation Pentose Phosphate Pathway is an Alternative Route for Glucose Metabolism; 181; The Fate of Pyruvate Depend on the Availability of Molecular Oxygen; 182; Oxidative Respiration is Carried Out by the Mitochindrion; 182; In the Presence of Molecular Oxygen Pyruvate is Completely Oxidative to O2 and water By the Citric Acid Cycles; 183; Electron Removed From Substrate in the Citric Acid Cycle are passed to Molecular Oxygen Through the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain; 185; Energy is Conserved in the Form of ATP in Accordance with Chemiosmosis; 186; Plants Contain Several Alternative Electron Transport Pathways; 186; Plant Mitochondria Contain External Dehydrogenase; 186; Plants Have a Rotenone -Insensitive NADH dehydrogenases; 187; Plants Exhibits Cyanide-Resistant Respiration; 188; Many Seeds  Store Carbons as Oils that are Converted to Sugar; 189; Respiration Provides Carbon Skeletons for Biosynthesis; Respiratory Rate  Varies  with Development and Metabolic State; 192; Respiration Rate Respond to Environmental Conditions; 192; Light; 192; Temperature; 193; Oxygen Availability; 193; Summary; Chapter Review; 194; Further Reading; 195; Nitrogen Assimilation; 195; The Nitrogen Cycles A Complex Pattern of Exchanges; 196; Ammonification. Nitrification and Denitrification and Essential Process in the Nitrogen Cycle; 196; Biological Nitrogen Fixation is Exclusively Prokaryotic; 196; Some Nitrogen Fixating  bacteria are Free-Living Organisms; 197; Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Involves Specific Associations Between Bacteria and Plant; 197; Legumes Exhibit Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation; 198; Rhizobia Infect the Host Roots, Which Induce Nodule Development; 200; The Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation; 201; Nitrogen Fixation is Energetically Costly; 202; Dinitrogenase is Sensitive to oxygen; 202; Dinitrogenase Results in the Production of Hydrogen Gas; 203; The Genetics of Nitrogen Fixation; 203; NIF Gene Code for Dinitrogenase; 203; NOD Genes and NIF Gene Regulate Nodulation; 204; What is the Source of Home For Leghemoglobin; 204; NH3 Produced by Nitrogen Fixation is Converted to Organic Nitrogen; 204; Ammonium is Assimilated by GS/ GOGAT; 205; PII Protein  Regulate  GS/ GOGAT; 206; Fixed Nitrogen is Exported as Asparagine and Ureides; 207; Plants Generally Take Up Nitrogen in the Form of Nitrate; 208; Nitrogen Cycling Simultaneous import and Export; 209; Agricultural and Ecosystem Productivity is Dependent on Nitrogen Supply; 211; Summary; 211; Chapter Review; 211; Further Reading; 213; Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation and plant Productivity; 213; Productivity Refers to an Increase in Biomass; 214; Carbon Economy is Dependent on the Balance Between Photosynthesis and Respiration; 215; Productivity is Influenced by a Variety of Environment Factors; 215; Fluence Rate; 216; Available CO2; 218; Temperature; 219; Soil Water Potential; 219; Nitrogen Supply Limits Productivity; 220; Leaf Factors; 221; Summary; 222; Chapter Review; 222; Factor Reading; 223; What is plant Stress?; 224; Plant Respond to Stress in Several Different ways; 225; Too Much Light Inhibits Photosynthesis; 227; The DI Repair Cycle Overcomes Photodamage to PSII; 229; Water Stress is Persistent Threat to Plant Survival; 230; Water Stress leads to Membrane Damage; 230; Photosynthesis is Particularly Sensitive to Water Stress; 230; Stomata Respond to Water Deficit; 233; Plant are Sensitive to Fluctuations In Temperature; 233; Many Plant are Chilling Sensitive; 234; High -Temperature Stress Causes Protein Denaturation; 235; Insect Pests and Disease Represent Potential Biotic Stresses; 236; Systemic Acquired Resistance Represents a Plants Immune Response; 237; Jasmonates Mediate Insect and Disease Resistance; 237; There are Feature Common to all  Stresses; 238; Summary; 238; Chapter Review; 238; Further Reading; 238; Monitoring Plant Stress By Chlorophyll Fluorescence; 241; Acclimation to Environmental Stress; 242; Plant Acclimation is a Time -Dependent  Phenomenon;  242; Acclimation is Initiated by Rapid Short-Term Response; 242; State Transitions Regulate Energy Distribution in Response to Changes to Spectral Distribution; 242; Carotenoids Serve a Dual  Function Light Harvesting and Photoprotection; 247; Osmotic Adjustment is a Response to Water Stress; 248; Low Temperatures Induce Lipid Unsaturation and Cold Regulated Gene in Cold Tolerant  Plants; 248; Q10 For Plant Respiration Varies as a Function of Temperature; 249; Long Term  Acclimation Alters Phenotype; 249; Light Regulates Nuclear Gene Expression and Photoacclimation; 252; Does the Photosynthesis Apparatus Respond to Changes in Light Quality ?; 253; Acclimation to Drought Affects Shoot-Root Ratio and Leaf Area; 254; Cold Acclimation Mimics Photoacclimation; 255; Freezing Tolerance in Herbaceous Species is a Complex Interaction  Between Light and Low Temperature; 256; Cold Acclimated Plants Secrete  Antifreeze Proteins; 256; North Temperature Woody Plant Survive Freezing Stress; 257; Plant Adjust Photosynthetic Capacity in Response to High Temperature; 258; Oxygen May Protect During Acclimation to Various Stresses; 259; Summary; 259; Chapter Review; 260; Further Reading; 261; Adaptations to the Environment; 262; Sun and Shade Adapted Plants Respond Differently to Irradiance; 263; C4  Plants are Adapted to High Temperature and Drought; 263; The C4 Syndrome is Another Biochemical Mechanism  to Assimilate Co2; 265; The C4 Syndrome is Usually Associated with Kranz Leaf Anatomy; 265; The Syndrome is Differentially Sensitive to Temperature; 265; The C4 Syndrome is Differentially Sensitive to Temperature; 266; The C4 Syndrome is Associated with water Stress; 267; Crassulacean Acid Metabolism is an Adaptation to Desert Life; 268; Is CAM A Variation of the C4 Syndrome ?; 269; CAM Plan an Particularly Suited to Dry Habitats; 269; C4 and CAM Photosynthesis Require Precise Regulation  and Temporal Integration; 270; Plant Biomes Reflect Myriad  Physiological Adaptations; 270; Tropical Rain Forest Biomes Exhibits the Greatest Plant Biodiversity; 271; Evapotranspiration is s Major Contributors to Weather; Desert Perennials are Adapted to Reduce Transpiration and Heat Load; 273; Desert Annuals Are Ephemeral; 273; Summary; 274; Chapter Review; 274; Further Reading; 275; Development: An  Overview; 275; Growth, Differentiation, and Development; 275; Development is the sum  of Growth and Differentiation; 276; Growth is an Irreversible Increase to Size; 276; Differentiation refers to To Qualitative Changes that Normally Accompany Growth; 277; Meristems are  Centers of Plant Growth; 279; Seed Development and Germination; 279; Seeds are formed in the Flower; 280; Seed Development and Maturation; 281; Seed Germination; 283; The Level and Activities of Various Hormones Changes Dramatically During Seed Development; 284; Many Seeds Have Additional Requirements for Germination; 285; From Embryo to Adult; 286; Senescence and Programmed Cell Death are the Find Stages of Development; 287; Summary; 287; Chapter Review; 288; Further Reading; 282; Development in a Mutant Weed; 289; Growth and Development of Cells; 289; Growth of Plant Cells is Complicated by the Presence of A cell wall; 289; The Primary Cell wall is a Network of Cellulose Microfibrils and Cross- Linking Glycans; 290; The Cellulose -Glycan lattice is Embedded in a Matrix of Pectin and Protein; 292; Cellulose Microfibrils are Assembled at the Plasma Membrane as They Extruded into the Cell wall; 292; Cell Division; 292; The Cell Cycle; 293; Cytokinesis; 294; Plasmodesmata are Cytoplasmic Channels that Extend Through the Wall to connect the Protoplasts of Adjacent Cells; 294; Cell walls and Cell Growth; 296; Cell Growth is Division by Water Uptake and Limited by the Strength and Rigidity of the Cell Wall; Extension of the Cell Wall Requires Wall Loosening Events that Enable Load Bearing Elements in the Wall to Yield to  Turgor Pressure; 297; Wall Loosening and Cell Expansion is Stimulated by Low ph and Expansion; 298; In Maturing Cells a Secondary Cell Wall is Deposited on the Inside of the Primary Wall; 298; Acontinous Stream of Signals Provides Information That Plant Cell  Use to Modify Development; 299; Signal Perception  and Transduction; 299; The G-Protein System is a Ubiquitous Receptor System; 300; Signal Transduction Includes a Diverse Array of Second Messengers; 300; Protein Kinase -Based Signaling; 300; Phospholipid Based Signaling; 301; Calcium -Based Signaling; 303; Transcriptional -Based Signaling; 303; There is Extensive Crosstalk Among Signal Pathways; 304; Summary; 304; Chapter Review; 304; Further Reading; 295; Cytoskeleton; 302; Ubiquitin and Proteasomes-* Cleaning up Unwanted Proteins; 305; Hormones I Auxins; 305; The Hormone Concept in Plant; 306; Auxins is Distributed Throughout the Plant; 307; The Principal Auxins in Plants in Indole -3-Acetic Acid (IAA); 309; IAA ıs Synthesızed From the Amıno Acıd I-Tryptophan; 310; Some Plants do not Requıre Tryptophan for IAA bıosynthesıs; 310; IAA may be stored as Inactıve; 311; IAA ıs Deactıvated by Oxıdatıon and Conjugatıon wıth Amıno Acıds; 311; Auxıns ıs Involved ın Vırtually Every Stage of Plant Development; 311; 311; Auxın Regulates Vascular Dıfferentıatıon; 313; Auxın Control the Growth of Auxiliary Buds; 314; The Acıd -Growth Hypothesıs Explaıns Auxın Control of Cell  Enlargement; 316; Maıntenance of Auxıns Induced Growth and Other Auxın Effects Requıres Gene Activation; 317; Many Aspects of Plant Developments are Lınked to the Polar Transport of Auxıns; 320; Summary; 321; Chapter Revıew; 321; Further; 307; Dıscoverıng Auxın; 314; Commercıal Applıcatıons of Auxıns; 323; Hormones II Gıbberellıns; 323; There are a Large Number of Gıbberellıns; 324; There are Three Prıncıples Sıtes For Gıbberellın Bıosynthesıs; 325; Gıbberellıns are Terpenes Sharıng a Core Pathway wıth Several Other Hormones and a Wıde Range of Secondary Products; 327; Gıbberellıns are Synthesızed from Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate (GGPP); 329; Gibberellins are Deactivated by 2β-Hydroxylation; 329; Growth Retardants Block the Synthesis of Gibberellins; 330; Gibberellins Transport is Poorly Understood; Gibberellins Affect Many Aspects of Plant Growth and Development; 330; Gibberellins Stimulate Hyper-elongation of Intact Stems Especially in Dwarf and Rosette Plant; 332; Gibberellins Stimulate Mobilization of Nutrient Reserves During Germination of Cereal Grains; 333; Gibberellins Act by Regulating Gene EXPRESSION; 336; Summary; 336; Chapter Review; 339; Further Reading; 325; Discovery of Gibberellins; 330; Commercial Applications of Gibberellins; 335; Dells Proteins and the Green Revolution; 339; Hormones  III Cytokines; 339; 339; Cytokines Biosynthesis Begins with the Condensation of an Isopentenyl Group with the Amino Group of Andesine; 340; Cytokinin's may be Deactivated by Conjugation or Oxidation; 341; Cytokinins are synthesized Primarily in the Root and Translocated in the Xylem; 343; Cytokinin are Required for Cell Proliferation; 343; Cytokinin Regulate Progression through the Cell Cycle; 344; The Ratio of Cytikinins and Auxin Control Roots and Shoots Initiation in Callus Tissues and the Growth of Axillary Buds; 345; Crown Gall Tumors are Genetically Engineered to Overproduce Cytokinin and Auxin; 346; Cytokinin Delay  Senescence; 347; Cytokinin Have an Important Role in Maintaining the Shoot Meristem; 348; Cytokinin Levels in the Shoot Apical Meristem Are Regulated by Master Control Gene; 350; Cytokinin Receptor and Signaling; 350; The Cytokinin Receptor is a Membrane -Based  Histidine Kinase; 351; The Cytokinin Signaling Chain Involves a Multistep Transfer of Phosphoryl Groups to Response Regulators; 353; Summary; 353; Chapter Review; 354; Further Reading; 341; The Discovery of Cytokinins; 345; Tissue Culture has Made Possible Large-Scale Closing of Plants by Micropropagation; 355; Hormones IV : Abscisic Acid Ethylene and Brassinosteroids; 355; Abscisic Acid is Synthesized From a Carotenoid Precursor; 357; Abscisic Acid is Synthesized to phaseic Acid by Oxidation; 357; Abscisic Acid Regulate; 358; Abscisic Acid Regulates Embryo Maturation and Seed Germination; 358; Abscisic  acid Mediates Response to Water Stress; 359; Other Abscisic Acid Response; 359; ABA perception and Signal Transduction; 362; Ethylene is Synthesized From the Amino Acid Methionine; 362; Excess Ethylene is Subject to Oxidation; 364; The Study of Ethylene Presents a Unique Set of Problems; 364; Ethylene Affects Many Aspects of Vegetative Developments; 365; Ethylene Receptors and Signaling; 367; Brassinosteriods; 367; Brassinosteriods  are Polyhydroxylated Sterols Derived From the Triterpene Squalene; 369; Several Route for Deactivation of Brassinsteroids have been Identified; 369; Braasinolde Receptors and Signaling; 369; Summary; 370; Chapter Review; 370; Further Readıng; 356; The Dıscovery of Abscısıc Acıd; 363; The Discovery Ethylene; 366; Mitogenactivated Protein Kinetics: A Widespread Mechanism For Signal Transduction; 373; Photomorphogenesis Responding to Light; 373; Photomorphogenesis is Initiated by Photoreceptors; 374; Phytochromes Responding to Red and Far Red Light; 376; Photoreversibility is the Hallmark  of Phytochrome Action; 377; Conversion of Pr to Pfr in Etiolated Seeding leads to a loss of both Pfr and Total phytochrome; 378; Light Established a State of Dynamic Photoequilibrium between pr and pfr; Photochrome Response can be Grouped According to their fluence Requirements; 379; Cryptochrome: Responding to Blue and UV-A Light; 379; Photochrome and Cryptochrome mediate numerous Developmental Responses; 379; Seed Germination; 380; De-Etiolation; 381; Shade Avoidance; 381; Detecting end of Day Signals; 382; 382; Rapid Photochrome Response; 383; Phy A may Function to Detect the Presence of Light; 383; Chemistry and Mode of Action of Phytochrome and Cryptochrome; 383; Phytochrome is a Phycobiliprotin; 384; phytochrome Signal Transduction; 386; Cryptochrome Structure is similar to DNA repairs enzymes; 386; Cryptochrome Signal Transduction; 387; Some plant Responses are Regulated by UV-B Light; 387; De- Etiolation in Arabidopsis : A Case Study in Photoreceptor Interactions; 388; Summary; 389; Chapter Review; 389; Further Reading; Historical Perspectives -The Discovery of Phytochrome; 391; Tropisms and Nastic Movements: Orienting Plants in Space; 392; Phototropism: Reaching for the Sun; 392; Phototropism is a response to a light Gradient; 393; Phototropism is a Blue light Response; 393; Phototropism Orients a plants for Optional Photosynthesis; 394; Fluence Response Curves Illustrate the Complexity of Phototropic Response; 395; The Phototropiv Response is Attributed to a Lateral Redistribution of Diffusible Auxin; 396; Phototropism and Related Response are Regulated by a Family of Blue Sensitive Flavoproteins; 397; A Hybrid Red/Blue Light Photoreceptor has been Isolated  form a Fern; 397; Phytotropin Activity and Signal Chain; 398; Phototropism in Green Plants is not well Understood; 398; Gravitropism; 399; Gravitropism is more than Simple Up and Down; 399; The Gravitational Stimulus  is the Product of Intensity and Time; 401; Root Gravitropism Occurs in four Phases; 405; Nastic Movements; 406; Nyctinasty Movements are Rhythmic Movements  Involving Reversible Turgor Changes; 407; Nyctinasty Movements are due to Ion Fluxes and Resulting Osmotic Responses in Specialized Motor Cells; 409; 410; Summary; 411; Chapter Review; 411; Further Reading; 400; Methods in the Study of Gravitropism; 413; Measuring Time Controlling Development by photoperiod and Endogenous; 414; Photoperiodism; Photoperiodic Response may be characterized by a variety of response types; 415; Critical Day Length Defines Short-Day  and Long -Day Response; 417; Plants Actually measure the Length of the Dark Period; 418; Phytochrome and Cryptochrome are the Photoreceptors for Photoperiodism; 419; The Photoperiodic Signal is perceived by the leaves; 420; Control of Flowering by Photoperiod Requires a transmissible Signal; 421; Photoperiodism normally Requires a period of High Fluence Light Before or After the Dark Period; 423; The Biological Clock; 423; Clock Driven Rhythms persist Under Constant Conditions; 423; Light Roots the Biological Clock on a daily basis; 426; The Circadian Clock is temperature Compensated; 427; The Circadian Clock is a Significant Component in Photoperiodic Time Measurement; 428; Daylength Measurement Involves an Interaction Between an External Light Signal and a Circadian Rhythm; 429; The Circadian Clock is a Negative Feedback loop; 430; Photoperiodism in Nature; 431; Summary; 432; Chapter Review; 432; Further Reading; 414; Historical  Perspectives: The Discovery of Photoperiodism; 422; Historical Perspectives The Biological Clock; 433; Flowering and Fruit Development; 433; Flowering Initiation and Developments  Involves Sequential Action of three Sets of Genes; 434; Flowering -Time Genes Influence  the Duration of Vegetative Growth; 436; Floral -Identity Genes and Organ-Identity Genes Overlap in Time and Function; 437; Temperature can Alter the Flowering Response to Photoperiod; 438; Vernalization Occurs most Commonly in Winter Animals and Biennials; 439; The Effective Temperature for Vernalization is Variable; 440; The Vernalization Treatment is Perceived by the Shoots  Apex; 440; The Vernalized State is Transmissible; 440; Gibberellin and Vernalization Operate Through Independent Genetic  Pathways; 441; Three Genes Determines the Vernalization Requirements in Cereals; 442; Fruits set and Developments is  Regulated by Hormones; 442; The Development of Fleshy Fruits can be Divided into Five Phase; 442; Fruits set is Triggered by Auxin; 444; Ripening is Triggered by Ethylene in Climacteric Fruits; 445; Summary; 445; Chapter Review; 446; 445; Ethylene its a Gas; 447; Temperature : Plant Development and Distribution; 447; Temperature in the Plant Environment; 449; Bud Dormancy; Bud Dormancy is Induced by Photoperiod; 451; A Period of LOW temperature IS required; 451; Seed Dormancy; 451; Numerous Factors Influence Seed Dormancy; 453; Temperature has a Significant Impact on Seed Dormancy; 454; Thermotropism  is a Response to Alternating Temperature; 454; Temperature  Influence Plant Distribution; 457; Summary; 457; Chapter Review; 457; Further Reading; 450; Bulbs and Corns; 459; Secondary Metabolites; 459; Secondary Metabolites  A.K.A Natural Products; 460; Terpenes; 460; The Terpenes are a Chemically and Functionally Diverse Group of Molecules; 460; Terpenes are Constituents of Essentials Oils; 462; Steroids and Sterols are Tetracyclic Triterpenoids; 463; Glycosides; 464; Saponins are Terpenes Glycosides With Detergents Properties; 465; Cardiac Glycosides are Highly Toxic Steroids Glycosides; Cyanogenic glycosides are A Natural Source of Hydrogen Cyanide; 467; Glucosinolates are Sulfur Containing Precursors to Mustard Oils; 462; Polyterpenes Includes the Carotenoids Pigments and Naturals Rubber; 463; Glycosides; 464; Saponins are Terpenes Glycosides with Detergents Properties; 466; Cyanogenic Glycosides are A Natural Source of Hydrogen Cyanide; 466; Glucosinolates are Sulphur-Containing Precursors to Mustard Oils; 467; Phenylpropanoids; 468; Shikimic Acid is a Key  InIntermediate in the Synthesis of Both Aromatic  Amino Acids and Phynylpropanoids; the Simplest Phenolic Molecules are Essentially deaminated Versions of the Corresponding Amino Acids; Coumarin and Coumarin Derivatives Function as Anticoagulant s; Lignin is a Major Structural Component of Secondary Cell Wall;  Flavonoid and Stilbenes  have parallel Biosynthesis Pathway;   Tannins   Denature Proteins and Add an Astringent Taste to Foods; Secondary Metabolites are Active Against Insect5s and Disease; Some Terpenes and Isoflavones  Have Insecticidal and Anti-Microbial and Anti-Microbial Activity; Recognizing Potential Pathogens; Salicylic Acids Shikimic Acid Derivative Triggers Systemic Acquired Resistance; Jasmonates are Limited to Ubiquitin-Related  Protein Degradation; Alkaloids are a Large Famiy of Chemically Unrelated Molecules; Alkaloids are noted Primarily for their Pharmacological Properties and Medical Applications; Like Many other Secondary Metabolites  Alkaloids Serves as Preformed Chemical Defense ,molecules; Summary; Chapter Review; Further Reading; Building Block: Lipids Proteins and Carbohydrates; Lipids; Proteins; Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides; polysaccharides; Index/Glossary
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