Psychology of learning and behavior
Barry Schwartz, Edward A. Wasserman, Steve J. Robbins
- 5th edi.
- USA W. W. Norton & Company 2002
- XV, 378 p. figure, picture, graphic 24.2 cm
Includes index(A35-A49 p.) Includes references(A1-A32 p.)
Human Nature, Science and Behavior Theory 1 Understanding 2 Understanding and Science 3 Causes Generalization and Law 3 Experimentation: The Tool of Science 5 Science and Human Nature 6 Psychology, Behavior, Theory and Learning 8 Philosophical Background of Behavior Theory 10 Descartes and Hobbes: Man of Medicine 10 Associationism 12 Biological; Background of Behavior Theory 13 Darwin and Evolution 14 The Emergence of Behavior Theory 16 Single Event Learning :Habituation 17 Event- Event Learnıng: Pavlovian Conditioning 17 Behavıor - Event Learnıng: operant Conditioning 18 Learning about Humans By Studying Animals 20 Summary 21 Single Event Learning: Habituation 24 Separating Habtuation from Sensory Adaptation of Motor Fatigue 25 Evidence for a Learning Explanation 26 Applying the Principles: Response Recovery In Everyday Life 29 Conditions that Produce Habituations 30 Mechanisms of Habituation 32 Dual-Process Theories 32 Neuroscience and Learning : The Neural Mechanism of Habituation 34 A Memory Theory of Habituation 36 Summary 40 Pavlovian Conditioning :Basic Phenomena 41 The classic Conditioning experiment 42 Acquisition and Extinction 43 The Scope Of Pavlovian Conditioning Research 44 Eyeblink Conditioning 45 Conditioning Fear 45 Neuroscience and Learning :The Neural Mechanism of Eyeblink Conditioning 46 Applying the Principles: Causes and Treatments of Phobia 51 Conditioned Keypecking 53 Taste Aversion Learning 53 The Need For Controlled Procedures in Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning 55 Applying the Principles: Food Aversions in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy 56 Temporal Relations between the CS and the US 57 Delay Conditioning 58 Simultaneous Conditioning 58 Temporal Conditioning 59 Backward Conditioning 59 Other Variables Affecting Pavlovian 60 The CS and The US 60 Qualitative Relation between CS and US 61 Constrain on Learning 64 Unbiased Environments 64 Unbiased Environments and Substitutability 66 Summary 69 Pavlovian Conditioning Casual Factors 70 Contingency 71 Locating the US in time 74 Informativeness Redundancy and Blocking 76 Applying the Principles: predictiveness, fear and Anxiety 77 Pavlovian Conditioning and Inhibition 80 inhibition in the Nervous System 80 Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior 81 Detecting Inhibition 82 External Inhibition and Disinhibition 82 Indirect Measures of Inhibition 82 Direct Measures of Inhibition 83 Condition Producing Inhibition 83 Extinction 83 Conditioned Inhibition Training 84 Negative Contingency Training 84 Inhibition of Delay 85 Discrimination and Generalization 85 Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients 85 Backward Conditioning 87 Necessary Condition For Inhibition 87 Appling the Principles :Experimental Neurosis 88 Summary 89 Pavlovian Conditioning Explanations 91 The Rescorla-Wagner 92 Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli 93 Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency 94 Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition 95 A Surprising Prediction 96 Conditioning and Changes In CS Effectiveness 97 latent Inhibition 97 learned Irrelevance 99 Another Look at Blocking 99 Neuroscience and Learning :Neural Mechanisms Underlying Changes in CS Processing 100 Surprise and CS Salience 103 Psychological Status of the Rescorla Wagner Theory 103 Rehearsal and Conditioning 103 Blocking 105 Effects of Single Events Exposure on Conditioning 105 CS Preexposure( Latent inhibition) 105 Us Preexposure 105 Theory of Extinction 106 Summary 106 Pavlovian Conditioning: Storage 109 What is Learned in Conditioning 109 Manipulating Representations 113 Neuroscience and Learning :A Neural Distinction between URs and CRs 114 The Pavlovian Conditioned Response (CR) 116 The Adaptive Function of the Conditioned Response 119 CRs that Oppose URs 121 Opponent Process Theory 122 Challenge to the Conditioned Opponent Model 124 Role Of Conditioning in Human Drug Abuse 125 Using Conditioning Principles to Treat Addiction 126 Extinction 126 Counterconditioning 127 Competing Response Training 129 Association: The Process Unifying Diverse CRs 129 Summary 130 Operant Conditioning: Basic Phenomena 132 The Law of effect 133 The Behavior-Consequence Relation Some Methodological Issues 134 Measuring the Operant Response 135 The Conditioning Chamber 135 What is Operant Behavior ? 137 Which Operant Behavior Should be Studied? 138 Conditioning and Extinction 139 Creating Behavioral Unit 140 The Form of the Behavioral Unit 141 Constrained Operant-Reinforcer Learning 142 The Dancing Chicken 143 The Miserly Raccoon 143 Applying the Principles: Shaping New Behavior 144 The Nature of Reinforcement 146 Reinforcer Relativity 146 Applying the Principles :Eliminating Behavior 147 Neuroscience and Learning: The neural Mechanisms of reward 150 Conditioned Reinforcement 153 Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer-Predictiveness 153 Observing Responses 154 Token Reinforcers 156 The Functions a Conditioned Reinforcers 158 Applications of Token Reinforcers 158 Applying the Principles: Token Reinforcement in Education 159 Negative Side Effects of Reinforcement? 160 Summary 163 Operant Conditioning: Causal Factors and Conditioning 165 What Produces Conditioning: Contiguity or Contingency 166 Evidence of Contiguity 166 Superstition 167 Another Look at Superstition 168 Another Look at Contiguity and Conditioning 169 Contingency Learning 171 Contingency Learning in Infants 173 Learned Helplessness 174 Applying the Principles: Learned Helplessness and Depression 175 178 How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments 179 Operant Conditioning: What is Learned 182 Response -Reinforcer Learning 183 Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning 184 Stimulus -Response Association 185 Summary 185 Aversive Control of Behavior Punishment and Avoidance 186 Conditioned Suppression 187 punishment 188 The Effectiveness Of Punishment 189 Does Punishment Work? 190 Maximizing The Effects of Punishment 191 Punishment and General Suppression 193 Applying the Principles :Effectiveness of Punishment 195 Negativity of Punishment 197 Avoidance Bahavior 197 Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance 198 Neuroscience and Learning :The Neural Mechanism of Avoidance Learning 199 Shock Postponement 201 Theories of Aversive Control 202 Two-Factor Theory 203 Operant Theory 207 Cognitive Theory 208 Biological Theory 210 Applying the Principles: Eliminating Avoidance Behavior 212 Summary 213 The Maintenance of Behavior: Intermittent Reinforcement, Choice and Economics 215 Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement 217 Fixed-Interval(FI) Schedules 217 Variable-Interval(VI) Schedules 217 Fixed-Ratio(FR) Schedules 218 Can Schedules of Reinforcement Maintain Behavior 218 Patterns of Behavior maintained by Reinforcement Schedules 219 Schedules of Reinforcement in the Natural Environment 221 Fixed Ratios 221 Variable Ratios 222 Fixed Intervals 222 The Study of Choice: Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement 224 The Matching Law 225 The Matching Law In Operation 226 Applying the Principles :Procastination 231 Matching and Maximizing 232 Neuroscience and Learning: Electrical Brain Stimulation Can be Used to Study Choice Behavior and Matching 234 Choice and Foraging 236 Operant Behavior and Economics 237 The Concept of Demand 238 Demand and Choice 240 Substitutability of Commodities 241 Open and Closed Economic System 242 Summary 244 Stimulus Control of Operant Behavior 247 pervasiveness of Stimulus ControlPhenomena 248 Discrimination and Generalization 249 Procedures for Studying Stimulus 250 The Process of Discrimination 253 Predictiveness and Redundancy 253 Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector 255 Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli 256 Attention in Discrimination Learning 259 The Process Of Generalization Excitation and Inhibition 261 The Peak Shift 261 Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanism of Auditory Discrimination Learning 262 Transposition and the Nature of perceptual judgment 265 Compound Stimulus Control 269 Configural Stimulus Control 270 Positive Patterning 271 Negative patterning 272 Biconditional Discrimination 272 Summary 273 Interactions Between Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning 275 Distinguishing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning 276 Operant Conditioning of Reflexive Response 278 Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior 279 The Omission Procedures 280 Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior 283 Types of Pavlovian Operant Combinations 285 Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior 287 Pavlovian Conditioned State as Information 289 Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: one Underlying Process 290 Competition between Operant Response and Pavlovian CSs 291 Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning 293 Summary 296 Discrimination and Conceptualization 298 Discrimination and Generalization in a New Light 299 From Discrimination and Generalization to Conceptualization 300 Natural Concepts 302 Presence Versus Absence of Objects From Natural Concepts 302 Discriminating Objects in Multiple Natural Concepts 303 Conceptualization via Primary and Secondary Generalization 307 Nonsimilarity-Based Conceptualization 308 Joint Category Learning by Pidgeon 308 Abstracts Concepts 310 Matching to Simple by Pidgeon 311 Oddity Learning by Pidgeon 312 Same-Different Learning by Pidgeon 315 Summary 317 Memory and Cognition 318 Remembering and Language 320 Remembering and knowing 321 Delayed Matching to Sample 321 Basic Methods and Findings 323 Trace Theory 326 Complexity and Flexibility of Memory 328 Memory Loss 335 Selective Attention 336 Spatial Memory 339 Neuroscience and Learning :The Neural Mechanism for Spatial Learning 344 Control by Time 346 Control by Number 351 Summary 354 Human Learning and Cognitive Learning about Causes 356 Conditioning and Causation 357 Causality Detection 357 David Hume and Causality 357 Causation as a Psychological Impression 358 Conditions of Causation 358 A mechanical Model 358 Factors That Affect Causal Judgment 358 Comparative Psychology of Causal Association 359 Empirical Investigation of Human Causality 359 Contingency 359 Applying the Principles :Inhibition in Human Contingency Judgment 366 Reconciling Disparate Results 366 Temporal Contiguity 367 Applying the Principles: The Illusion of Control 368 Cue Competition 371 Applying the Principles : Blocking in Human Learning 375 Learning and Cognition: A Theoretical Perspective 376 Applying the Principles :why People Believe Weird things 377 Summary 378 References A1 Credits A33 Name Index A35 Subject Index A41
9780393975918 280,00 TL
Koşullu tepki Conditional response Davranışçılık (psikoloji) Behaviorism (psychology)