Optimization of coagulatin and flocculation process for treatment of well water
Fryad Sharif; Supervisor: Rana Kıdak
- Nicosia Cyprus International University 2013
- XIII, 79 p. col.pic., table, figure 30.5 cm CD
Includes CD
Includes references (74-77 p.)
ÖZET 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Background of Study 1 Objectives of Study 2 Scope of Study 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Introduction 4 Coagulation Process 6 Mineral or Inorganic Coagulant 8 Aluminum Salts 8 Iron Salts 9 Organic Coagulants 11 Coagulants Aids 12 Activated Silica 12 Sodium Aluminates 12 Weightier Agents 13 Poly electrolytes 13 Chemical used to Raise Alkalinity 14 Flocculation Process 15 Microscale Flocculation 15 Macroscale Flocculation 15 Floc Formation 16 Flocculants Chemical and Acids 16 Alkaline Chemicals and Acids 16 pH Adjustment 17 Mixing Theory 18 Rapid Mixing 18 Types of Mixers 19 Mechanical Mixers 19 Static Mixers 19 Baffled Chambers 19 Pumps 20 Improper Flocculation Mixing 20 Mixing time 20 Characteristics of Water 21 Physical Characteristics 21 Turbidity 21 Colour 21 Taste and Odour 22 Temperature 22 Specific Conductance or Conductivity 22 Chemical Characteristics 23 Total Solids and Suspended Solids 23 pH and Corrosion 23 Hardness of Water 24 TOC 24 Nitrogen 24 NOM (Natural Organic Materials) 25 Factors Effecting on Coagulation Process 25 pH 25 Dosages 25 Mixing Speed and Time 26 Temperature 27 Optimizing of Coagulation 27 Jar Test Flocculator 29 PDA 2000 30 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 Materials 32 Water Source 32 Jar Test Flocculator 33 PDA 2000 33 Peristaltic Pumps 35 TOC Analyzer 36 pH Meter 37 Turbidmeter 37 Automatic Titrator 38 Methods 39 Chemical Used 39 Chemical Preparation 39 Preparation of Stock Solution of Coagulants and Coagulants Aid 39 Preparation of Solution for Measuring Alkalinity 40 Preparation of Solution for Measuring Hardness 41 Experimental Procedures 42 Alkalinity Measurement Procedure 42 Hardness Measurements Procedure 43 Jar Test Procedures 44 PDA Procedure 46 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47 Raw water characteristics and Pre-Treatment 47 Optimizationion of Well water using (FeSO4.7H2O) 47 Chosen Conventional Value of Operation Conditions 47 Optimization of Dosage of (FeSO4.7H2O) 47 Optimization of (NaHCO3) as a Coagulant Aid 50 Optimization of pH 52 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Speed using PDA 2000 Technique 54 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Speed 54 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time 55 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Time Using PDA 2000 Technique 56 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time Using Jar Test Flocculator 57 Optimization of Well Water Using Alum 58 Optimization of Dosage of Alum 59 Optimization of (NaHCO3) as a Coagulant Aid 62 Optimization of pH 63 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Speed using PDA 2000 Technique 65 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Speed 65 Optimization of Slow Mixing Speed 66 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Time 66 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Time using PDA 2000 Technique 66 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time using Jar est flocculator 67 Comparison Between our Results and Pervious Studies Results According to Turbidies Efficiencies 68 Comparison Between Removal Effeiciencies of Both of (FeSO2.7H2O) and Alum on Removal Turbidity at Optimum Condition 70 Comparison Between Removal Effeiciencies of Both of (FeSO2.7H2O) and Alum on Removal Turbidity at Optimum Condition 70 Cost of Coagulants and Coagulants Aid 71 CONCLUSION 72 RECCOMENDATION 73 REFERENCES 74
'Abstract Optimization of well water has done by coagulation and flocculation process using jar test flocculator and flow through optical measurement device known as photometric dispersion analyser (PDA 2000). Jar test flocculator has used to find the optimum dosages of coagulants, coagulant aids, pH and slow mixing time by analyzing residual turbidity, hardness, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Carbon (TC) and Inorganic Carbon (IC). PDA 2000 has used to study the mechanism of coagulation process through analyzing the growth of flocs and breakup. It is also used to determination the optimum conditions for the rapid and slow mixing speed and rapid mixing time by drawing time vs. Flocculation Index (FI), which the maximum value of FI is the optimum operation conditions. Two types of coagulants are used in this study, which is ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) and aluminum sulfate (alum), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) used as a coagulant aid to maintain correct alkalinity. For (FeSO4.7H2O) , it was found that the optimum dose and pH are (10 mg/L , 6) respectively and optimum conditions for rapid and slow mixing period are (300 rpm ,60 s, 25 rpm, 15 min) respectively. When alum has used, the optimum dose was 30 mg/L, optimum pH is 7.5 and the optimum conditions for rapid and slow mixing period are (250 rpm ,60 s, 30 rpm, 15 min) respectively. Removal efficiency for turbidity in both coagulants has examined, which is alum removed about 93.19% and (FeSO4.7H2O) removed about 88.82%. The effect of pH was also studied on removing, TOC, TC and IC through optimization, which is found that by decreasing pH removing of TOC, TC and IC increased. Finally, the cost of coagulants and (NaHCO3) has studied. Keywords: Coagulation-flocculation process, Jar test flocculator, PDA 2000,TOC analyzer Özet Kuyu suyunun iyileştirilmesi koagulasyon ve flokülasyon prosesi ile jar test flokülatörleri ve fotometrik dağılım ölçümü (PDA 2000) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Jar test deneyleri sonucunda türbidite, sertlik, Toplam Karbon (TK), İnorganik Karbon (İK) ve Toplam Organik Karbon (TOK) parametrelerinin ölçümlerine dayanarak optimum koagulant dozu, koagulanta yardımcı madde etkisi, pH ve yavaş karıştırma hızı araştırılmıştır. PDA 2000 koagulasyon prosesinde oluşan flokların büyüme ve dağılma mekanizmalarının çalışılmasında kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca hızlı ve yavaş karıştırma hızı ile maksimum değeri optimum proses koşullarını temsil eden Flokülasyon İndeksi (Fİ) de PDA 2000 analizleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada iki çeşit koagulant kullanılmıştır. Bunlar, Demir (II) sülfat ve aluminyum sulfat (alum)'dur. Ek olarak, proses boyunca sabit bir alkalinite değerinin sağlanabilmesi için sodyum bikarbonat koagulant yardımcısı olarak eklenmiştir. Demir (II) sülfat için optimum doz 10 mg/L ve optimum pH 6 olarak bulunmuş ve 300 rpm 60 saniye hızlı - 25 rpm 15 dakika yavaş karıştırma periyodu optimum karıştırma koşulları olarak gözlenmiştir. Alum için optimum doz ve pH 30 mg/L ile 7.5 olarak bulunurken, optimum karıştırma koşulları 250 rpm 60 saniye hızlı - 30 rpm 15 dakika yavaş karıştırma periyodu olarak belirlenmiştir. Alum kullanılarak numunelerde 93.19 % türbidite giderimi sağlanırken bu değer demir (II) sülfat koagulant olarak kullanıldığı koşullarda 88.82 % olarak tayin edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara ek olarak, pH'ın TOK üzerindeki etkisi karşılaştırılmış ve düşük pH koşullarında daha fazla TOK, TK ve İK gideriminin sağlandığı gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, prosesin uygulanabilirliğinin maliyet yönünden araştırılması için kullanılan koagulantların ve sodyum bikarbonatın fiyat analizleri incelenmiştir. Keywords: Koagulasyon/Flokülasyon prosesi, Jar test flokülatörleri, PDA 2000, TOK ölçüm cihazı. '
Coagulation-flocculation process Koagulasyon / Flokülasyon prosesi TOC analyzer TOK ölçüm cihazı