Includes index(A35-A49 p.)

Includes references(A1-A32 p.)

1 Human Nature, Science and Behavior Theory

2 Understanding

3 Understanding and Science

3 Causes Generalization and Law

5 Experimentation: The Tool of Science

6 Science and Human Nature

8 Psychology, Behavior, Theory and Learning

10 Philosophical Background of Behavior Theory

10 Descartes and Hobbes: Man of Medicine

12 Associationism

13 Biological; Background of Behavior Theory

14 Darwin and Evolution

16 The Emergence of Behavior Theory

17 Single Event Learning :Habituation

17 Event- Event Learnıng: Pavlovian Conditioning

18 Behavıor - Event Learnıng: operant Conditioning

20 Learning about Humans By Studying Animals

21 Summary

24 Single Event Learning: Habituation

25 Separating Habtuation from Sensory Adaptation of Motor Fatigue

26 Evidence for a Learning Explanation

29 Applying the Principles: Response Recovery In Everyday Life

30 Conditions that Produce Habituations

32 Mechanisms of Habituation

32 Dual-Process Theories

34 Neuroscience and Learning : The Neural Mechanism of Habituation

36 A Memory Theory of Habituation

40 Summary

41 Pavlovian Conditioning :Basic Phenomena

42 The classic Conditioning experiment

43 Acquisition and Extinction

44 The Scope Of Pavlovian Conditioning Research

45 Eyeblink Conditioning

45 Conditioning Fear

46 Neuroscience and Learning :The Neural Mechanism of Eyeblink Conditioning

51 Applying the Principles: Causes and Treatments of Phobia

53 Conditioned Keypecking

53 Taste Aversion Learning

55 The Need For Controlled Procedures in Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning

56 Applying the Principles: Food Aversions in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

57 Temporal Relations between the CS and the US

58 Delay Conditioning

58 Simultaneous Conditioning

59 Temporal Conditioning

59 Backward Conditioning

60 Other Variables Affecting Pavlovian

60 The CS and The US

61 Qualitative Relation between CS and US

64 Constrain on Learning

64 Unbiased Environments

66 Unbiased Environments and Substitutability

69 Summary

70 Pavlovian Conditioning Casual Factors

71 Contingency

74 Locating the US in time

76 Informativeness Redundancy and Blocking

77 Applying the Principles: predictiveness, fear and Anxiety

80 Pavlovian Conditioning and Inhibition

80 inhibition in the Nervous System

81 Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior

82 Detecting Inhibition

82 External Inhibition and Disinhibition

82 Indirect Measures of Inhibition

83 Direct Measures of Inhibition

83 Condition Producing Inhibition

83 Extinction

84 Conditioned Inhibition Training

84 Negative Contingency Training

85 Inhibition of Delay

85 Discrimination and Generalization

85 Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients

87 Backward Conditioning

87 Necessary Condition For Inhibition

88 Appling the Principles :Experimental Neurosis

89 Summary

91 Pavlovian Conditioning Explanations

92 The Rescorla-Wagner

93 Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli

94 Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency

95 Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition

96 A Surprising Prediction

97 Conditioning and Changes In CS Effectiveness

97 latent Inhibition

99 learned Irrelevance

99 Another Look at Blocking

100 Neuroscience and Learning :Neural Mechanisms Underlying Changes in CS Processing

103 Surprise and CS Salience

103 Psychological Status of the Rescorla Wagner Theory

103 Rehearsal and Conditioning

105 Blocking

105 Effects of Single Events Exposure on Conditioning

105 CS Preexposure( Latent inhibition)

105 Us Preexposure

106 Theory of Extinction

106 Summary

109 Pavlovian Conditioning: Storage

109 What is Learned in Conditioning

113 Manipulating Representations

114 Neuroscience and Learning :A Neural Distinction between URs and CRs

116 The Pavlovian Conditioned Response (CR)

119 The Adaptive Function of the Conditioned Response

121 CRs that Oppose URs

122 Opponent Process Theory

124 Challenge to the Conditioned Opponent Model

125 Role Of Conditioning in Human Drug Abuse

126 Using Conditioning Principles to Treat Addiction

126 Extinction

127 Counterconditioning

129 Competing Response Training

129 Association: The Process Unifying Diverse CRs

130 Summary

132 Operant Conditioning: Basic Phenomena

133 The Law of effect

134 The Behavior-Consequence Relation Some Methodological Issues

135 Measuring the Operant Response

135 The Conditioning Chamber

137 What is Operant Behavior ?

138 Which Operant Behavior Should be Studied?

139 Conditioning and Extinction

140 Creating Behavioral Unit

141 The Form of the Behavioral Unit

142 Constrained Operant-Reinforcer Learning

143 The Dancing Chicken

143 The Miserly Raccoon

144 Applying the Principles: Shaping New Behavior

146 The Nature of Reinforcement

146 Reinforcer Relativity

147 Applying the Principles :Eliminating Behavior

150 Neuroscience and Learning: The neural Mechanisms of reward

153 Conditioned Reinforcement

153 Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer-Predictiveness

154 Observing Responses

156 Token Reinforcers

158 The Functions a Conditioned Reinforcers

158 Applications of Token Reinforcers

159 Applying the Principles: Token Reinforcement in Education

160 Negative Side Effects of Reinforcement?

163 Summary

165 Operant Conditioning: Causal Factors and Conditioning

166 What Produces Conditioning: Contiguity or Contingency

166 Evidence of Contiguity

167 Superstition

168 Another Look at Superstition

169 Another Look at Contiguity and Conditioning

171 Contingency Learning

173 Contingency Learning in Infants

174 Learned Helplessness

175 Applying the Principles: Learned Helplessness and Depression

178

179 How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments

182 Operant Conditioning: What is Learned

183 Response -Reinforcer Learning

184 Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning

185 Stimulus -Response Association

185 Summary

186 Aversive Control of Behavior Punishment and Avoidance

187 Conditioned Suppression

188 punishment

189 The Effectiveness Of Punishment

190 Does Punishment Work?

191 Maximizing The Effects of Punishment

193 Punishment and General Suppression

195 Applying the Principles :Effectiveness of Punishment

197 Negativity of Punishment

197 Avoidance Bahavior

198 Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance

199 Neuroscience and Learning :The Neural Mechanism of Avoidance Learning

201 Shock Postponement

202 Theories of Aversive Control

203 Two-Factor Theory

207 Operant Theory

208 Cognitive Theory

210 Biological Theory

212 Applying the Principles: Eliminating Avoidance Behavior

213 Summary

215 The Maintenance of Behavior: Intermittent Reinforcement, Choice and Economics

217 Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement

217 Fixed-Interval(FI) Schedules

217 Variable-Interval(VI) Schedules

218 Fixed-Ratio(FR) Schedules

218 Can Schedules of Reinforcement Maintain Behavior

219 Patterns of Behavior maintained by Reinforcement Schedules

221 Schedules of Reinforcement in the Natural Environment

221 Fixed Ratios

222 Variable Ratios

222 Fixed Intervals

224 The Study of Choice: Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

225 The Matching Law

226 The Matching Law In Operation

231 Applying the Principles :Procastination

232 Matching and Maximizing

234 Neuroscience and Learning: Electrical Brain Stimulation Can be Used to Study Choice Behavior and Matching

236 Choice and Foraging

237 Operant Behavior and Economics

238 The Concept of Demand

240 Demand and Choice

241 Substitutability of Commodities

242 Open and Closed Economic System

244 Summary

247 Stimulus Control of Operant Behavior

248 pervasiveness of Stimulus ControlPhenomena

249 Discrimination and Generalization

250 Procedures for Studying Stimulus

253 The Process of Discrimination

253 Predictiveness and Redundancy

255 Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector

256 Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli

259 Attention in Discrimination Learning

261 The Process Of Generalization Excitation and Inhibition

261 The Peak Shift

262 Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanism of Auditory Discrimination Learning

265 Transposition and the Nature of perceptual judgment

269 Compound Stimulus Control

270 Configural Stimulus Control

271 Positive Patterning

272 Negative patterning

272 Biconditional Discrimination

273 Summary

275 Interactions Between Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning

276 Distinguishing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning

278 Operant Conditioning of Reflexive Response

279 Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior

280 The Omission Procedures

283 Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior

285 Types of Pavlovian Operant Combinations

287 Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior

289 Pavlovian Conditioned State as Information

290 Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: one Underlying Process

291 Competition between Operant Response and Pavlovian CSs

293 Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning

296 Summary

298 Discrimination and Conceptualization

299 Discrimination and Generalization in a New Light

300 From Discrimination and Generalization to Conceptualization

302 Natural Concepts

302 Presence Versus Absence of Objects From Natural Concepts

303 Discriminating Objects in Multiple Natural Concepts

307 Conceptualization via Primary and Secondary Generalization

308 Nonsimilarity-Based Conceptualization

308 Joint Category Learning by Pidgeon

310 Abstracts Concepts

311 Matching to Simple by Pidgeon

312 Oddity Learning by Pidgeon

315 Same-Different Learning by Pidgeon

317 Summary

318 Memory and Cognition

320 Remembering and Language

321 Remembering and knowing

321 Delayed Matching to Sample

323 Basic Methods and Findings

326 Trace Theory

328 Complexity and Flexibility of Memory

335 Memory Loss

336 Selective Attention

339 Spatial Memory

344 Neuroscience and Learning :The Neural Mechanism for Spatial Learning

346 Control by Time

351 Control by Number

354 Summary

356 Human Learning and Cognitive Learning about Causes

357 Conditioning and Causation

357 Causality Detection

357 David Hume and Causality

358 Causation as a Psychological Impression

358 Conditions of Causation

358 A mechanical Model

358 Factors That Affect Causal Judgment

359 Comparative Psychology of Causal Association

359 Empirical Investigation of Human Causality

359 Contingency

366 Applying the Principles :Inhibition in Human Contingency Judgment

366 Reconciling Disparate Results

367 Temporal Contiguity

368 Applying the Principles: The Illusion of Control

371 Cue Competition

375 Applying the Principles : Blocking in Human Learning

376 Learning and Cognition: A Theoretical Perspective

377 Applying the Principles :why People Believe Weird things

378 Summary

A1 References

A33 Credits

A35 Name Index

A41 Subject Index