Optimization of coagulatin and flocculation process for treatment of well water Fryad Sharif; Supervisor: Rana Kıdak

Yazar: Katkıda bulunan(lar):Dil: İngilizce Yayın ayrıntıları:Nicosia Cyprus International University 2013Tanım: XIII, 79 p. col.pic., table, figure 30.5 cm CDİçerik türü:
  • text
Ortam türü:
  • unmediated
Taşıyıcı türü:
  • volume
Konu(lar):
Eksik içerik
1 ÖZET
1 INTRODUCTION
1 Background of Study
2 Objectives of Study
2 Scope of Study
4 LITERATURE REVIEW
4 Introduction
6 Coagulation Process
8 Mineral or Inorganic Coagulant
8 Aluminum Salts
9 Iron Salts
11 Organic Coagulants
12 Coagulants Aids
12 Activated Silica
12 Sodium Aluminates
13 Weightier Agents
13 Poly electrolytes
14 Chemical used to Raise Alkalinity
15 Flocculation Process
15 Microscale Flocculation
15 Macroscale Flocculation
16 Floc Formation
16 Flocculants Chemical and Acids
16 Alkaline Chemicals and Acids
17 pH Adjustment
18 Mixing Theory
18 Rapid Mixing
19 Types of Mixers
19 Mechanical Mixers
19 Static Mixers
19 Baffled Chambers
20 Pumps
20 Improper Flocculation Mixing
20 Mixing time
21 Characteristics of Water
21 Physical Characteristics
21 Turbidity
21 Colour
22 Taste and Odour
22 Temperature
22 Specific Conductance or Conductivity
23 Chemical Characteristics
23 Total Solids and Suspended Solids
23 pH and Corrosion
24 Hardness of Water
24 TOC
24 Nitrogen
25 NOM (Natural Organic Materials)
25 Factors Effecting on Coagulation Process
25 pH
25 Dosages
26 Mixing Speed and Time
27 Temperature
27 Optimizing of Coagulation
29 Jar Test Flocculator
30 PDA 2000
32 MATERIALS AND METHODS
32 Materials
32 Water Source
33 Jar Test Flocculator
33 PDA 2000
35 Peristaltic Pumps
36 TOC Analyzer
37 pH Meter
37 Turbidmeter
38 Automatic Titrator
39 Methods
39 Chemical Used
39 Chemical Preparation
39 Preparation of Stock Solution of Coagulants and Coagulants Aid
40 Preparation of Solution for Measuring Alkalinity
41 Preparation of Solution for Measuring Hardness
42 Experimental Procedures
42 Alkalinity Measurement Procedure
43 Hardness Measurements Procedure
44 Jar Test Procedures
46 PDA Procedure
47 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
47 Raw water characteristics and Pre-Treatment
47 Optimizationion of Well water using (FeSO4.7H2O)
47 Chosen Conventional Value of Operation Conditions
47 Optimization of Dosage of (FeSO4.7H2O)
50 Optimization of (NaHCO3) as a Coagulant Aid
52 Optimization of pH
54 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Speed using PDA 2000 Technique
54 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Speed
55 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time
56 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Time Using PDA 2000 Technique
57 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time Using Jar Test Flocculator
58 Optimization of Well Water Using Alum
59 Optimization of Dosage of Alum
62 Optimization of (NaHCO3) as a Coagulant Aid
63 Optimization of pH
65 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Speed using PDA 2000 Technique
65 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Speed
66 Optimization of Slow Mixing Speed
66 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Time
66 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Time using PDA 2000 Technique
67 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time using Jar est flocculator
68 Comparison Between our Results and Pervious Studies Results According to Turbidies Efficiencies
70 Comparison Between Removal Effeiciencies of Both of (FeSO2.7H2O) and Alum on Removal Turbidity at Optimum Condition
70 Comparison Between Removal Effeiciencies of Both of (FeSO2.7H2O) and Alum on Removal Turbidity at Optimum Condition
71 Cost of Coagulants and Coagulants Aid
72 CONCLUSION
73 RECCOMENDATION
74 REFERENCES
Özet: 'Abstract Optimization of well water has done by coagulation and flocculation process using jar test flocculator and flow through optical measurement device known as photometric dispersion analyser (PDA 2000). Jar test flocculator has used to find the optimum dosages of coagulants, coagulant aids, pH and slow mixing time by analyzing residual turbidity, hardness, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Carbon (TC) and Inorganic Carbon (IC). PDA 2000 has used to study the mechanism of coagulation process through analyzing the growth of flocs and breakup. It is also used to determination the optimum conditions for the rapid and slow mixing speed and rapid mixing time by drawing time vs. Flocculation Index (FI), which the maximum value of FI is the optimum operation conditions. Two types of coagulants are used in this study, which is ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) and aluminum sulfate (alum), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) used as a coagulant aid to maintain correct alkalinity. For (FeSO4.7H2O) , it was found that the optimum dose and pH are (10 mg/L , 6) respectively and optimum conditions for rapid and slow mixing period are (300 rpm ,60 s, 25 rpm, 15 min) respectively. When alum has used, the optimum dose was 30 mg/L, optimum pH is 7.5 and the optimum conditions for rapid and slow mixing period are (250 rpm ,60 s, 30 rpm, 15 min) respectively. Removal efficiency for turbidity in both coagulants has examined, which is alum removed about 93.19% and (FeSO4.7H2O) removed about 88.82%. The effect of pH was also studied on removing, TOC, TC and IC through optimization, which is found that by decreasing pH removing of TOC, TC and IC increased. Finally, the cost of coagulants and (NaHCO3) has studied. Keywords: Coagulation-flocculation process, Jar test flocculator, PDA 2000,TOC analyzer Özet Kuyu suyunun iyileştirilmesi koagulasyon ve flokülasyon prosesi ile jar test flokülatörleri ve fotometrik dağılım ölçümü (PDA 2000) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Jar test deneyleri sonucunda türbidite, sertlik, Toplam Karbon (TK), İnorganik Karbon (İK) ve Toplam Organik Karbon (TOK) parametrelerinin ölçümlerine dayanarak optimum koagulant dozu, koagulanta yardımcı madde etkisi, pH ve yavaş karıştırma hızı araştırılmıştır. PDA 2000 koagulasyon prosesinde oluşan flokların büyüme ve dağılma mekanizmalarının çalışılmasında kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca hızlı ve yavaş karıştırma hızı ile maksimum değeri optimum proses koşullarını temsil eden Flokülasyon İndeksi (Fİ) de PDA 2000 analizleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada iki çeşit koagulant kullanılmıştır. Bunlar, Demir (II) sülfat ve aluminyum sulfat (alum)'dur. Ek olarak, proses boyunca sabit bir alkalinite değerinin sağlanabilmesi için sodyum bikarbonat koagulant yardımcısı olarak eklenmiştir. Demir (II) sülfat için optimum doz 10 mg/L ve optimum pH 6 olarak bulunmuş ve 300 rpm 60 saniye hızlı - 25 rpm 15 dakika yavaş karıştırma periyodu optimum karıştırma koşulları olarak gözlenmiştir. Alum için optimum doz ve pH 30 mg/L ile 7.5 olarak bulunurken, optimum karıştırma koşulları 250 rpm 60 saniye hızlı - 30 rpm 15 dakika yavaş karıştırma periyodu olarak belirlenmiştir. Alum kullanılarak numunelerde 93.19 % türbidite giderimi sağlanırken bu değer demir (II) sülfat koagulant olarak kullanıldığı koşullarda 88.82 % olarak tayin edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara ek olarak, pH'ın TOK üzerindeki etkisi karşılaştırılmış ve düşük pH koşullarında daha fazla TOK, TK ve İK gideriminin sağlandığı gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, prosesin uygulanabilirliğinin maliyet yönünden araştırılması için kullanılan koagulantların ve sodyum bikarbonatın fiyat analizleri incelenmiştir. Keywords: Koagulasyon/Flokülasyon prosesi, Jar test flokülatörleri, PDA 2000, TOK ölçüm cihazı. '
Materyal türü: Thesis

Includes CD

Includes references (74-77 p.)

'Abstract Optimization of well water has done by coagulation and flocculation process using jar test flocculator and flow through optical measurement device known as photometric dispersion analyser (PDA 2000). Jar test flocculator has used to find the optimum dosages of coagulants, coagulant aids, pH and slow mixing time by analyzing residual turbidity, hardness, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Carbon (TC) and Inorganic Carbon (IC). PDA 2000 has used to study the mechanism of coagulation process through analyzing the growth of flocs and breakup. It is also used to determination the optimum conditions for the rapid and slow mixing speed and rapid mixing time by drawing time vs. Flocculation Index (FI), which the maximum value of FI is the optimum operation conditions. Two types of coagulants are used in this study, which is ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O) and aluminum sulfate (alum), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) used as a coagulant aid to maintain correct alkalinity. For (FeSO4.7H2O) , it was found that the optimum dose and pH are (10 mg/L , 6) respectively and optimum conditions for rapid and slow mixing period are (300 rpm ,60 s, 25 rpm, 15 min) respectively. When alum has used, the optimum dose was 30 mg/L, optimum pH is 7.5 and the optimum conditions for rapid and slow mixing period are (250 rpm ,60 s, 30 rpm, 15 min) respectively. Removal efficiency for turbidity in both coagulants has examined, which is alum removed about 93.19% and (FeSO4.7H2O) removed about 88.82%. The effect of pH was also studied on removing, TOC, TC and IC through optimization, which is found that by decreasing pH removing of TOC, TC and IC increased. Finally, the cost of coagulants and (NaHCO3) has studied. Keywords: Coagulation-flocculation process, Jar test flocculator, PDA 2000,TOC analyzer Özet Kuyu suyunun iyileştirilmesi koagulasyon ve flokülasyon prosesi ile jar test flokülatörleri ve fotometrik dağılım ölçümü (PDA 2000) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Jar test deneyleri sonucunda türbidite, sertlik, Toplam Karbon (TK), İnorganik Karbon (İK) ve Toplam Organik Karbon (TOK) parametrelerinin ölçümlerine dayanarak optimum koagulant dozu, koagulanta yardımcı madde etkisi, pH ve yavaş karıştırma hızı araştırılmıştır. PDA 2000 koagulasyon prosesinde oluşan flokların büyüme ve dağılma mekanizmalarının çalışılmasında kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca hızlı ve yavaş karıştırma hızı ile maksimum değeri optimum proses koşullarını temsil eden Flokülasyon İndeksi (Fİ) de PDA 2000 analizleri ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada iki çeşit koagulant kullanılmıştır. Bunlar, Demir (II) sülfat ve aluminyum sulfat (alum)'dur. Ek olarak, proses boyunca sabit bir alkalinite değerinin sağlanabilmesi için sodyum bikarbonat koagulant yardımcısı olarak eklenmiştir. Demir (II) sülfat için optimum doz 10 mg/L ve optimum pH 6 olarak bulunmuş ve 300 rpm 60 saniye hızlı - 25 rpm 15 dakika yavaş karıştırma periyodu optimum karıştırma koşulları olarak gözlenmiştir. Alum için optimum doz ve pH 30 mg/L ile 7.5 olarak bulunurken, optimum karıştırma koşulları 250 rpm 60 saniye hızlı - 30 rpm 15 dakika yavaş karıştırma periyodu olarak belirlenmiştir. Alum kullanılarak numunelerde 93.19 % türbidite giderimi sağlanırken bu değer demir (II) sülfat koagulant olarak kullanıldığı koşullarda 88.82 % olarak tayin edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara ek olarak, pH'ın TOK üzerindeki etkisi karşılaştırılmış ve düşük pH koşullarında daha fazla TOK, TK ve İK gideriminin sağlandığı gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, prosesin uygulanabilirliğinin maliyet yönünden araştırılması için kullanılan koagulantların ve sodyum bikarbonatın fiyat analizleri incelenmiştir. Keywords: Koagulasyon/Flokülasyon prosesi, Jar test flokülatörleri, PDA 2000, TOK ölçüm cihazı. '

1 ÖZET

1 INTRODUCTION

1 Background of Study

2 Objectives of Study

2 Scope of Study

4 LITERATURE REVIEW

4 Introduction

6 Coagulation Process

8 Mineral or Inorganic Coagulant

8 Aluminum Salts

9 Iron Salts

11 Organic Coagulants

12 Coagulants Aids

12 Activated Silica

12 Sodium Aluminates

13 Weightier Agents

13 Poly electrolytes

14 Chemical used to Raise Alkalinity

15 Flocculation Process

15 Microscale Flocculation

15 Macroscale Flocculation

16 Floc Formation

16 Flocculants Chemical and Acids

16 Alkaline Chemicals and Acids

17 pH Adjustment

18 Mixing Theory

18 Rapid Mixing

19 Types of Mixers

19 Mechanical Mixers

19 Static Mixers

19 Baffled Chambers

20 Pumps

20 Improper Flocculation Mixing

20 Mixing time

21 Characteristics of Water

21 Physical Characteristics

21 Turbidity

21 Colour

22 Taste and Odour

22 Temperature

22 Specific Conductance or Conductivity

23 Chemical Characteristics

23 Total Solids and Suspended Solids

23 pH and Corrosion

24 Hardness of Water

24 TOC

24 Nitrogen

25 NOM (Natural Organic Materials)

25 Factors Effecting on Coagulation Process

25 pH

25 Dosages

26 Mixing Speed and Time

27 Temperature

27 Optimizing of Coagulation

29 Jar Test Flocculator

30 PDA 2000

32 MATERIALS AND METHODS

32 Materials

32 Water Source

33 Jar Test Flocculator

33 PDA 2000

35 Peristaltic Pumps

36 TOC Analyzer

37 pH Meter

37 Turbidmeter

38 Automatic Titrator

39 Methods

39 Chemical Used

39 Chemical Preparation

39 Preparation of Stock Solution of Coagulants and Coagulants Aid

40 Preparation of Solution for Measuring Alkalinity

41 Preparation of Solution for Measuring Hardness

42 Experimental Procedures

42 Alkalinity Measurement Procedure

43 Hardness Measurements Procedure

44 Jar Test Procedures

46 PDA Procedure

47 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

47 Raw water characteristics and Pre-Treatment

47 Optimizationion of Well water using (FeSO4.7H2O)

47 Chosen Conventional Value of Operation Conditions

47 Optimization of Dosage of (FeSO4.7H2O)

50 Optimization of (NaHCO3) as a Coagulant Aid

52 Optimization of pH

54 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Speed using PDA 2000 Technique

54 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Speed

55 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time

56 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Time Using PDA 2000 Technique

57 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time Using Jar Test Flocculator

58 Optimization of Well Water Using Alum

59 Optimization of Dosage of Alum

62 Optimization of (NaHCO3) as a Coagulant Aid

63 Optimization of pH

65 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Speed using PDA 2000 Technique

65 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Speed

66 Optimization of Slow Mixing Speed

66 Optimization of Rapid and Slow Mixing Time

66 Optimization of Rapid Mixing Time using PDA 2000 Technique

67 Optimization of Slow Mixing Time using Jar est flocculator

68 Comparison Between our Results and Pervious Studies Results According to Turbidies Efficiencies

70 Comparison Between Removal Effeiciencies of Both of (FeSO2.7H2O) and Alum on Removal Turbidity at Optimum Condition

70 Comparison Between Removal Effeiciencies of Both of (FeSO2.7H2O) and Alum on Removal Turbidity at Optimum Condition

71 Cost of Coagulants and Coagulants Aid

72 CONCLUSION

73 RECCOMENDATION

74 REFERENCES

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